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9 views37 pages

2 Lecture - PPTX (Read-Only)

Uploaded by

abdullah ilyas
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Programming

(CS101)

By

Dr. Ejaz Ahmed,

Department of Computer Science,


Qarshi University, Lahore
Information Processing Cycle or
Basic Operations of Computer
 Input Data
 Processing
 Storage
 Output Information
Parts of the Computer
Parts of the Computer
 Computer systems have four parts
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User
Parts of the Computer
 Hardware
◦ Mechanical devices in the computer
◦ Anything that can be touched

 Software
◦ Tell the computer what to do
◦ Also called a program
◦ Thousands of programs exist
Parts of the Computer
 Data
◦ Pieces of information
◦ Computer organize and present data

 Users
◦ People operating the computer
◦ Most important part
◦ Tell the computer what to do
Computer Hardware
 Computers use the same basic hardware
 Hardware categorized into five types
Processing devices
◦ Brains of the computer
◦ Carries out instructions from the program
◦ Manipulate the data
◦ Most computers have several processors
◦ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
◦ Secondary processors
◦ Processors made of silicon and copper
◦ Speed of processor is measured in GHz
◦ Computing power of processor is measured in
Flops
 Floating Point Operations per second
Memory devices
◦ Stores data or programs
◦ Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Volatile
 Stores current data and programs
 More RAM results in a faster system
 Capacity of RAM is measured in number of Bytes it can
store

◦ Read Only Memory (ROM)


 Permanent storage of programs
 Holds the computer boot directions
Storage devices
Hold data and programs permanently
◦ Different from RAM
◦ Capacity of storage is measured in number of Bytes it can
store
◦ Magnetic storage
 Floppy and hard drive
 Uses a magnet to access data
◦ Optical storage
 CD and DVD drives
 Uses a laser to access data
◦ Flash drive
 Solid state storage device (means no moving parts)
Input and output devices
◦ Allows the user to interact
◦ Input devices accept data
 Keyboard, mouse keyboard
◦ Output devices deliver data
 Monitor, printer, speaker mouse

◦ Some devices are input and output


 Touch screens
monitor

Video card

printer Sound card


Communication
 It is sort of input/output device
 It is measured in amount of data it can transfer
◦ i.e. MegaBits per second
 Communicate two ways (send/receive)
 Modem
 NIC (Network Interface Card)
◦ Wired
◦ Wireless

modem
MotherBoard
MotherBoard
RAM
Graphic card

CPU

IDE / SATA Peripherals


Every thing put together
Software
 Tells the computer what to do
 Reason people purchase computers
 Two types

◦ System software
 Operating System
 Device drivers

◦ Application software
 MS Word
 Adobe Photoshop
System software
◦ Most important software
◦ Operating system
 Macintosh (mac os x), Linux (Ubuntu), Windows
(Window 7), CentOS

◦ Utility
 Symantec AntiVirus
Application software
◦Accomplishes a specific task
◦Most common type of software
 MS Word, web browser (chrome)
◦Covers most common uses of computers
Layered View
Software & Hardware?

 Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be


stored electronically is Software.

 Hardware is one that is tangible. The storage


devices (Hard disk, CD’s etc.,), mouse, keyboard
CPU and display devices (Monitor) are Hardware.

For example: There is a problem in the Software


implies – Problem with program or data
Types of Software

System Software
Application Software
Open source Software and
Proprietary Software
System Software:
System Software includes the Operating System and all
the utilities that enable the computer to function.

System software is a term referring to any computer


software which manages and controls the hardware so
that application software can perform a task.

Example:
Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter.
Application Software:

Application Software includes programs that do real


work for user.

Example:
Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student
database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and
Database Management System etc.,
Role of Systems Software
 System software…
◦Is an interface or buffer between application
software and hardware

◦Controls the computer hardware and acts as an


interface with applications programs
Operating
Operating
Application
Application and
and
software
software systems
systems
software
software
Users
Hardware
Operating System
Functions
◦ Perform common computer hardware functions
◦ Provide a user interface
◦ Provide a degree of hardware independence
◦ Manage system memory
◦ Manage processing tasks
◦ Provide networking capability
◦ Control access to system resources
◦ Manage files
User Interface
 User interface
 A function of the operating system that allows
individuals to access and command the computer
 Command-based user interface
 A particular user interface that requires text
commands be given to the computer to perform basic
activities
 E.g., UNIX, DOS
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus
displayed on the screen to send commands to the
computer system
 E.g. Windows, MAC OS
Systems Software
Concepts
 Hardware independence
◦Operating system (OS) provides hardware
independence for application software
◦Application software interfaces with the operating
system which interfaces with the hardware
◦When the hardware is changed, the operating
system is changed so that the application software
is not required to be changed
Software Concepts
 Memory management
 Virtual memory & paging
 Multitasking
 Multithreading
 Timesharing
Memory Management
 Memory management…
◦Controls how memory is accessed and maximizes
available memory and storage
Application
Software OS

Fetch
What is the price TIBA35$
of TIBA35 from hard
(TIBA35$) disk, track
1, sector 7

TIBA35$
Software Concepts
 Memory management
 Virtual memory & paging
 Multitasking

 Multithreading

 Timesharing
Virtual Memory & Paging
 Virtual memory
◦Memory that allocates space in secondary storage
to supplement the immediate, functional memory
capacity of RAM

◦Paging
 A function of virtual memory allowing the
computer to store currently needed pages in
RAM while the rest of the pages wait in
secondary storage
Memory Disk

Program 1 (a few pages)

Program 2 (a few pages)

Program 3 (a few pages)


Operating
system
Program 4 (a few pages) and Programs
system and other
software software
Program 5 (a few pages)

Program 6 (a few pages)

Other memory requirements


Multitasking, Multithreading, Time-sharing
 Multitasking
◦A processing activity that allows a user to run more
than one application at the same time

 Multithreading
◦A processing activity that is basically multitasking
within a single application

 Time-sharing
◦A processing activity that allows more than one
person to use a computer system at the same time
Applicatio
n
software

Off-the-
Proprietary
shelf
software
software

In-house Customize Standard


Contract
developed d package package

Contract
In-house
customizati
customized
on

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