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Topic 09 - Non-Parametric Tests - PPTX Version 1

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9 views18 pages

Topic 09 - Non-Parametric Tests - PPTX Version 1

Uploaded by

Sabiqun Fabiha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantitative Social

Research
TOPIC 08: NON-PARAMETRIC TEST
Meaning

• Nonparametric tests (distribution-free tests) are based on fewer assumptions (e.g., they
do not assume that the outcome is approximately normally distributed). Parametric tests
involve specific probability distributions (e.g., the normal distribution) and the tests
involve estimation of the key parameters of that distribution (e.g., the mean or difference
in means) from the sample data. The cost of fewer assumptions is that nonparametric
tests are generally less powerful than their parametric counterparts.

See: Hanneman, Robert A.(2013). Research Methods for the Social Sciences: Basic Statistics for Social
Research. Chapter 5
Mann-Whitney U Test

• Mann-Whitney U Test checks whether there is a difference between two


independent groups. It is the non-parametric counterpart of t-test for
independent samples.
Mann-Whitney U Test
Mann-Whitney U Test
Mann-Whitney U Test

• Effect Size:
•

= Less than 0.3 = Small Effect

= Between 0.3 & .0.5 = Medium

Effect

= Greater than 0.5 = Large

Effect
Kruskal–Wallis H Test
Kruskal–Wallis H Test
Kruskal–Wallis H Test
Effect Size: Kruskal–Wallis H
Test
Chi Square ( Test for Independence

• A non-parametric test to explore the relationship between two


categorical variables. Each of these variables can have two or more
categories. Also known as Chi-square test of contingencies.

What we need:
Two categorical variables with two or more
categories. For example:
1. Psychological Distress (Yes/ No)
2. Internet User (Normal/
Problematic)
Chi Square ( Test for Independence
Chi Square ( Test for Independence: Effect Size

• Phi & Cramer’s V


coefficient:
0.1 = Small Effect
0.3 = Medium Effect
0.5 = Large Effect
Chi Square ( Test for Independence

Reporting in APA Style:

A chi-square test for independence


with a= .05 was used to assess
whether the Internet use was
related to psychological distress.
The chi-square test was statistically
significant, x2(1, N=202)= 12.49, p
<.001, with Phi (Φ) coefficient
of .25, indicating a small to medium
relationship. As seen in Figure 1, the
problematic Internet user was more
likely to have psychological distress
than the normal Internet User.
Chi Square ( Goodness of
fit
Chi Square ( Goodness of
fit
Chi Square ( Goodness of
fit
Chi Square ( Goodness of
fit
Result Reporting in APA Style:

A chi-square test for goodness of fit with a= .05 was used


to assess whether the proportion of mental illness
reported in the sample (17.5%) was different than the
national proportion (16.8%). The chi-square test was not
statistically significant, x²(1, N=200)=0.70, p=.79,
indicating that there was no difference between the
sample and national proportion of mental illness.

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