SUB: GIS AND GPS

APPLICATIONS
COURSE CODE:SE/S5/T2/GGA
SEM-5th, SURVEY ENGG.
TOPIC: UNIT 1
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

Prepared by- Santanu Kumar Patra

Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Murarai Government Polytechnic, Birbhum
CONTENT:
 1.What is GPS?
 2.History of GPS
 3.Component to GPS
 4.How does GPS work
 5.GPS satellite Geometry
 6.Accuracy of GPS
 7.Sources of GPS Errors
 8.Limitations of GPS
 9.Applications of GPS
 10.Advantages & Disadvantages of GPS
 11.Differential Global Positioning System-DGPS
 12.Other Satellite Navigation System
 13.Conclusion
 14.Reference
1.What is GPS?
GPS is a positioning system based on a network of
satellites that continuously transmit coded
information. The information transmitted from the
satellites can be interpreted by receivers to
precisely identify locations on earth by measuring
distances from the satellites.
GPS is funded by and controlled by the U.S.
Department of Defence (DOD). The system is
called NAVSTAR (Navigation System with Time
And Ranging)
This system becomes fully operational in 1994. It
was invented by Roger L. Easton.
2.History of GPS:
Navigating by stars (requires clear nights
and careful measurements) most widely used
for centuries.
The GPS project was developed in 1973 to
overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S.
Department of Defence and was originally
run with 24 satellites.
It become fully operational in 1995.
3.Component or Segment of GPS:

Three component or Segment of GPS

1.Space Segment
2.Control Segment
3.User Segment
 SPACE SEGMENT
GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of
20000km and with period of 12 hours.
Orbital planes are centred on the Earth.
Each satellite makes two complete orbits each sidereal
day.
It passes over the same location on Earth once each day.
Orbits are designed so that at the very last, six satellites
are always within line of sight from any location on the
planet.
The satellites continuously send radio signals towards
earth.
These radio signals are picked up by GPS receivers.
Space Segment:
 CONTROL SEGMENT
The Control Segment consists 3 entities:
1.Master Control Station
2.Monitors Stations
3.Ground Antennas

Control stations continuously track

satellites , and update the positions of each
satellite.
 USER SEGMENT
The user’s GPS receiver is the User Segment
of the GPS system.
GPS receivers are generally composed of an
antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted
by satellites, receiver-processors.
They include a display for showing location
and speed information to the user.
A receiver is often described by its number of
channels this signifies how many satellites it
can monitor simultaneously.
Architecture of GPS:
GPS Constellation:
 The nominal GPS Operational Constellation consists of
roughly 24 satellites. Each satellite has a number on your
GPS screen. Newer satellites have been sent up to replace
older ones.

 The GPS signal communicates information about the precise
position of the satellite and the precise time of the signal.

 Each satellite orbits the earth in about 12 hours. The
satellite orbits repeat roughly the same ground track each
day. Learn to identify the time of day when satellite coverage
is best in your area and plan your field work accordingly.
4.How does GPS works:
Each satellites broadcast radio signals with location
and time.
GPS receivers receives radio signals and used these
data to calculate its distance from at least satellites.
Distance= Speed *Travel time
GPS radio signals are travel at the speed of light.
Both satellites and receiver generate the same
psuedocode signals.
Difference b/w the 2 signals is the travel time.
Then the receivers uses Trilateration method to
define its exact.
5.GPS Satellite Geometry:
Satellite Geometry can affect the quality of
GPS signals and accuracy of receiver
trilateration.
Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) is the
DOP value used most commonly in GPS to
determine the quality of a receiver’s position.
It’s usually depend on the GPS receiver to
pick satellites which provides the best
position triangulation.
Two Types of Satellite Geometry:
a) Ideal Satellite Geometry-
If the satellites are well separated and equally
apart from each other it will from a well
sphere and give less intersection point and
receiver can get an accurate result.
b) Poor satellite geometry are formed when
satellites are not equally apart to each other
and provide more intersection area of
receiver’s position resulting inaccurate
position.
6.ACCURACY:
1. The position calculated by a GPS receiver relies on
three accurate measurements:
a)Current time
b)Position of the satellite
c)Time delay for the signal
2. The GPS signal in space will provide a “worst case”
accuracy of 7.8meters at a 95% confidence level.
3. GPS time is accurate to about 14 nanoseconds.
4. Higher accuracy is available today by using GPS in
combination with augmentation systems. These
enable real-time positioning to within a few
centimeters.
7.Sources of Error:
Source Amount
of Errors
1. Satellite clocks 1.5 to 3.6
meters
2. Orbital errors <1
meter
3. Ionosphere 5 to 7
meters
4. Troposphere 0.5 to .7
meters
5. Multipath 0.6 to 1.2
8.Limitations of GPS:
GPS can provide worldwide , three-
dimensional positions, 24hours a day, in any
type of weather.
But, there must be a relatively clear “line of
sight” between the GPS antenna and four or
more satellites.
Hence it becomes too difficult to ensure
reliable positioning . These difficulties are
particularly prevent in urban areas.
The GPS signal may bounce off nearby
objects causing another problem called multi
9.Applications of GPS:
1. Mapping and Surveying
2. Geologic Research and Mining
3. In-vehicle Navigation (car, boat, aircraft etc)
4. Precision Agriculture
5. Military Navigation (target location, Weapon
Aiming)
6. Weather and Traffic Alerts
7. Tectonics (motion measurement of earthquakes)
8. Robotics (self navigating and autonomous robots)
9. Recreation (mobile games)
10.Science (Archaeology, wildlife, oceanography etc.)
10.Advantages and Disadvantages of GPS:
Advantages:
a)Fast speed
b)Leads you in right direction
c)Helps improve mapping skills
d)Makes navigation easier
e)Has panic button built in
f)You can be found easier if in danger or in accident
Disadvantages:
a)Cellular devices can track other cellular device users
b)Not very cheap
c)People focus on GPS more than road accidents
d)Needs good care and handling
e)Needs batteries
f)Need external power
g)Should be used as backup maps but used as 1st resources
11.Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS):
1.DGPS improves the accuracy and integrity of standard GPS
2.DGPS works by placing a GPS receiver at a known location,
this is called a reference station
3.The reference station knows its exact location, and
therefore can calculate the difference between the GPS
derived positions and the true position.
 The reference station calculates the errors in the GPS signals
by comparing its known position to the position derived from
the satellite signals. The stations actually calculate the
differences between measured and actual ranges for each of
the satellites visible from that station. This calculated
difference is called the “differential correction” for that
satellite. In real time DGPS, the correction signals are
broadcast from the reference station and used immediately by
the roving GPS to correct the position data being collected.
12.Other Satellite Navigation System:
GLONASS- Russia’s Global Navigation System. Fully
operational worldwide.
Galileo – Developed by the European Union and
other partner countries, planned to be operational by
2016 (and fully operated by 2020)
Beidou- People’s Republic of China’s Global System,
planned to be operational by 2020.
IRNSS- India’s Regional Navigation System, covering
India and Northern Indian Ocean. GPS Aided GEO
Augmented Navigation (GAGAN).
QZSS- Japanese Regional System covering Asia and
Oceania.
13.Conclusion:
The applications using GPS are constantly
growing.
More reliable and accurate measurements.
The cost of the receiver is dropping.
More affordable and accessible to consumers.
14.Reference:
1.www.google.com
2.www.iosrjournals.org
3.THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATIONS - By
Prof. Madhav N. Kulkarni, Lt. Col.(R), Dept of civil Engineering, IIT-
Mumbai.
4. Surveying vol2 (4e) by S.K.Duggal