Morphology

Intro to Linguistics

By.
Lena Alfidha Saputri
Shananda Eka Putri
Materials
1. Definition of Morphology

2. Definition of Morpheme

3. Type of Morpheme

4. Allomorphs

5. English Word Formation

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DEFINITION OF • The study of morphology is the study of the
MORPHOLOGY structure of words in a language and it
considers the individual parts of the word,
commonly called morphemes, as the smallest
WHAT IS
unit of meaning in the language.
MORPHOLOGY ?
• Morphological: a word has an internal
cohesion and is indivisible by other units; a
word may be modified only externally by the
addition of suffixes and prefixes

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DEFINITION OF MORPHEME

The morpheme, is the smallest

meaningful unit in a language;
the morpheme is not necessarily
equivalent to a word, but may be
a smaller unit

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 TYPE OF MORPHEMES
Free Vs. Bound Morphemes

FREE BOUND
• Free morphemes are essentially the • Bound morphemes are the affixes
words of the language with no that are added to free morphemes
additions to alter their grammatical effect in
• A free morph may stand alone as a various ways.
word. • Bound morphemes cannot normally
• A free morph is always a root. occur on their own.

Examples of free morphemes : Examples of bound

sing, bright, motive, ice, rink, kill, hunt,
book, child. morphemes :
(–ing, -ly, de- and –ation)

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 FREE MORPHEMES
CONTENT WORDS FUNCTION WORDS
(Lexical Morphemes) (Functional Morphemes)
Content words, as their name suggests, Function words generally perform some
carry most of the content of a sentence. kind of grammatical role, carrying little
meaning of their own.

Includes nouns, verbs, adjective, Includes pronouns, articles,

adverbs: conjunctions , prepositions :
Children, love, beauty, play, sing. as, the, on, from, and, in, etc.

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 BOUND MORPHEMES

AFFIX INFIXES
Inserted in the
Affix doesn’t middle
carry the core SUFFIXES
meaning, it is of words.
always bound PREVIXES e.g.im-bloody- Attach to the
to a root. Attach to the possible end of roots.
beginnings of e.g. kind-
roots. ness
e.g. re-play

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 BOUND MORPHEMES
Derivational Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes

• either prefixes or suffixes • only suffixes

• optionally more than one per • only one per word
word attach idiosyncratically to • attach to all (or most) members
only a limited number of roots of a word class
• have two functions : • have one functions:
1.to convert one part of speech to 1.to indicate grammatical
another meaning
2.to change the meaning of the follow derivational suffix(es)
root
precede the inflectional suffix

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 THE EXAMPLE
Derivational Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes

-ful like in ‘beautiful’ => beauty (N) + ful Plural: -s, -z, -iz
(A) = beautiful (A) Like in: cats, horses, dogs
-able like in ‘moldable’ => mold (V) + able  Tense: -d, -t, -id, -ing
(A) = moldable (A) Like in: stopped, running, stirred, waited
-er like in ‘singer’ => sing (V) + er (N) =  Possession: -‘s
singer (N) Like in: Alex’s
 -nes like in ‘happiness’ => happy (A) + nes  Comparison: -er, -en
(N) = happiness (N) Like in: greater, heighten
-ify like in ‘classify’ => class (N) + ify (V) =
classify (V)

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 ALLOMORPHS
• Morphemes have predictable variants called allomorphs.
• Allomorphs are predicted, or “conditioned”, in one of three ways:
1.the appearance of a particular allomorph is predictable from the phonetic environment, hence
phonologically conditioned;
2. the appearance is unpredictable phonologically but is determined by the grammar of the
language, hence grammatically conditioned; or
3. the allomorphs are used interchangeably in all environments, hence in free variation
•For Example :
•bushes /∫/ ,buses /s/ ,mazes /z/, Although the orthographic form of the plural is s or es
•the phonological form of the plural morpheme in is / ∫ /, /s/, and /z/. Thus, there are three
allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

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 ENGLISH WORD FORMATION
1.DERIVATION
•the addition of a word-forming affix is called derivation.
•The addition of a derivational affix to a root produces a new word with one or more of the
following changes:
a phonological change (including stress change): reduce > reduction, clear > clarity, fuse >
fusion, include > inclusive, drama > dramatize, relate > relation, permit > permissive, impress >
impression, eléctric > electrícity, phótograph > photógraphy
an orthographic change to the root: pity > pitiful, deny > denial, happy > happiness;
a semantic change, which may be fairly complex: husband > husbandry, event > eventual, post
> postage, recite > recital, emerge >emergency; and/or – a change in word class: eat (V) >
eatable (A), impress (V) > impression (N) (see further below)

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• 2. Reduplication
• Reduplication is a process similar to derivation, in which the initial syllable or the entire word is
doubled, exactly or with a slight phonological change.
• Three different kinds of reduplication can be identified:
1.exact reduplication: papa, mama, goody-goody, so-so, hush-hush, never-never, tutu, fifty-fifty,
hush-hush;
2. ablaut reduplication in which the vowel alternates while the consonants are identical:
crisscross, zig-zag, flip-flop, mish-mash, wishy-washy, clip-clop, riff-raff; achy-breaky, and
3. rhyme reduplication in which the consonants change while the vowel remains the same: hodge-
podge, fuddy-duddy, razzle-dazzle, boogie-woogie, nitty-gritty, roly-poly, hob-nob, hocus-pocus.

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 • 3. Conversion or functional shift

• A functional shift involves the conversion of one part of speech to another

without the addition of a suffix, as in a phone (N) > to phone (V). It is
sometimes said that a zero (Ø) derivational suffix is added (since it is usual
for derivational suffixes to change the part of speech, as discussed above).
The only concrete change that may occur in a functional shift is a change in
stress.

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 • 4. Compounds
• A compound is the combination of two or more free roots (plus associated affixes). It can sometimes
be difficult to distinguish a compound – which is considered a single word – from a syntactic phrase
consisting of a number of distinct words.
• Compound Nouns
•N + N > N airplane, lipstick, gold-mine, deathblow, figurehead, peppercorn
• Compound Verbs
•V + V > V blow-dry, play-act, sleep-walk, tap-dance, force-feed
• Coumpound Adjective
•N + A > A headstrong, colorblind, childproof, duty-free, lifelong, carsick

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 • 5. BLENDS

• A blend involves two processes of word formation, compounding and

“clipping”. Two free words are combined and blended, usually by clipping off
the end of the first word and the beginning of the second word, although
sometimes one or the other morpheme is left intact. Blends are sometimes
called “portmanteau” words.
• Examples of blends : sm(oke) + (f)og > smog
• mo(tor) + (ho)tel > motel

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 • 6.Back formations
• In back formation, speakers derive a morphologically simple word from a form which they
analyze, on the basis of derivational and inflectional patterns existing in English, as a
morphologically complex word.
• Back formation is thus the opposite of derivation: C – B > A as opposed to A + B > C. Without
knowledge of the history of an individual word, it is usually impossible to know whether
related forms result from derivation or back formation.
• For example :
• orator – -er > orate
• lecher – -er > lech
• peddler – -er > peddle
• escalator – -er > escalate
• editor – -er > edit
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 • 7. Shortening
• The three types of shortening – acronyms, initialism, and clipped forms – have in common the
deletion of sound segments without respect to morphological boundaries.
• Example
• Clipping ad/advert < advertisement, burger < hamburger , fridge < referigerator
• Acronyms NATO < N(orth) A(tlantic) T(reaty) O(rganization)
•AIDS < a(cquired) i(mmune) d(eficiency) s(yndrome)
•radar < ra(dio) d(etecting) a(nd) r(anging)
• Initialism the initial letters of words in a phrase are pronounced as letters, as in r.s.v.p., a.m., p.m.,
B.C., A.D., v.d., b.m.

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 • 8.ROOT CREATIONS

• The rarest form of word formation is root creation, the invention

of an entirely new root morpheme. Brand names are the most likely
examples of root creations (e.g. Xerox(graphy), Oreo), but when examined
closely, they often prove to be based on existing words or names (e.g.
Levis, named for the inventor Levi Strauss; McDonald’s, named for the
original owners Maurice and Richard McDonald; Perrier, named for the
spring in France, itself named for Dr. Perrier; Spandex based on expand;
Thermos, from the Greek word for ‘warm’),
•

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 RESOURCES

●[Lesley_Jeffries]_Discovering_Language_The_Struct(BookFi.org).pdf
●[Prof._Laurel_J._Brinton,_Donna_M._Brinton]_The_Li(BookFi.org).pdf
●Nordquist, Richard. "Free Morphemes in English, Definition and
Examples." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/free-
morpheme-words-and-word-parts-1690872.
●Microsoft Word - Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphemes.docx (umass
.edu)

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Cukup sekian dan terimakasih

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