Introduction To Gas Turbines
Nozzles
Rotor
Fuel Nozzles
Gas Turbines - Presentation
Gas Turbines
A machine which is used as prime mover where compression ,
combustion and expansion takes place on a single skid for
getting the mechanical / shaft out put and its exhaust either can
be diverted to atmosphere or can be used in HRSGs for steam
generation for improving the efficiency
Classification of Gas Turbine
Pulse
•Based on expansion pattern e:
•Expansion in stationary turbines nozzles where it attains high velocity
and jet flows over moving blades without further expansion.
Reaction Turbine:
•Expansion takes place in both fixed and moving blades
Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
Gas Turbine Working Principle
• Brayton cycle
• Atmospheric air enters the compressor inlet which raises its pressure and temp.
This air mixes with fuel in combustor liner with initial spark and burn the fuel.
• As the hot pressurised gas expands through the turbine stages , it develops the
motive force for turning the rotor.
• The exhaust comes at atm pressure at higher temp say 540-590 deg c.
Brayton cycle
Operation of Gas Turbine
• Starter Section
• Compressor section
• Combustion Section
• Turbine Section
• Compressor turbine Stator
• Compressor Turbine Rotor Disc
• Load turbine Stator
• Load Turbine Rotator Assembly
• Exhaust Section
Major Section of a Gas Turbine Eng.
Gas Turbines - Presentation
Air Inlet Filter House
• Air is admitted to the gas turbine compressor via an air inlet filter house,
ducting/silencing sections and an air inlet plenum.
• The single face air inlet filter house comprises of three stages of filtration.
• Initial stage of weather louvers
• Second stage consisting of a bank of pre-filter pads to extend the life of the high
efficiency filters
• Third stage filter containing a bank of high efficiency filters for fine dust particle
removal
Main parts of Axial Compressor
Gas Turbines - Présentation
IGV
A device to maintain GT exhaust temp by throttling the air intake to compressor
Minimum opening is 34 deg and max opening is 84 deg
AA comp is used for meeting the aa air and purge air requirements
Burner cans
Compressed Air
Fuel In
Igniter
Hot gas out
Gas Turbines - Présentation
Major Turbine Sections
Load turbine Rotor
Transition Piece
Exhaust
Load Turbine Shaft
Rotor shaft
Comp stator
Compressor turbine rotor disc
Load Turbine rotor Assembly
Journal Bearings
Comp Disc Compressor shaft Turbine Rotor shaft
journal bearings
Journal bearings
Turbine disc
Working Principal of Gas Turbine
Fuel mixed with air is ignited in in combustors with the help of spark
When the combustion product available at higher enthalpy is injected through nozzles
and passes through moving buckets , it expands and during the process Moving
blade / buckets converts kinetic energy in torque which results in rotary motion .
While Stationary blades change the direction of steam for the next stage.
Gas Turbine Engine Operation
6-gas out exhaust
Fuel gas 3-Burner Can
Transition piece
1-Air in
Water Flow
Load Coupling
2-Compressor 5-Load Turbine Rotor Disc
Compressor turbine disc
Stater Engine
Gas Turbines - Présentation
How over speed / Trip Device works
The device will trip above at a set speed of shaft rotation, cutting off the fuel supply to the
combustion chamber.
Gas turbine engines are protected by an over speed trip device. The over speed trip device is
mechanical, so it does not depend on electricity and electronic control systems. Electrical
systems could fail and leave the engine in a runaway condition.
The over speed trip mechanism is installed in the turbine shaft
Over Speed Trip Device on Gas Turbine
Gas Turbines - Presentation
Efficiency of Gas Turbines
Out put in KWH * 860
Fuel in SM3*CV of Fuel
Heat Rate = Fuel in SM3*CV of Fuel
Output in KWH
The Skid Unit of Gas Turbine
The Skid unit contains the following items:
• Turbine Compartment
• Compartment
• Accessory Compartment
• Turbine Compartment
Accessory Compartment
The major components located in the accessory compartment are:
• Lubricating oil system and reservoir
• Lube oil coolers
• Starting engine
• Accessory gearbox
• Fuel system (gas/diesel)
• Hydraulic oil system
• Cooling water system
• Turbine control panel
Compressor Section
The axial flow compressor section consists of the compressor rotor and the enclosing
stator casing. Mounted from the casing are the 17 (seventeen) stages of compressor
blading and the Inlet and Exit guide vanes.
Compressed air is extracted from the compressor:
• Turbine bucket and disc cooling
• Turbine shell and exhaust frame cooling
• Bearing sealing
• Compressor pulsation control during start-up
Compressor Rotor Assembly
• Forward and aft thrust bearing faces.
• The journal for the No.1 bearing
• Sealing surfaces for the No. 1 bearing seals
• Compressor inlet low-pressure air seal
Compressor Stator Assembly
• Inlet casing (Inlet guide vanes + Bearing No 1 Assembly)
• Forward compressor casing (Stage-1 to 4)
• Aft compressor casing (Stage-5 to 10)
• Compressor discharge casing (Stage 11 to 17 also support first stage turbine
nozzles)
Combustion System
The Combustion system consist on the follow main parts:
• Combustion Chambers & transition pieces
• Spark ignition
• Ultra Violet Flame Detectors
• Fuel Nozzles
• Cross Fire Tubes
• Gas Turbine Temperature
Turbine Section
The three-stage turbine section converts the energy contained in the hot
pressurised gas (produced by the compressor and combustion sections)
into mechanical energy.
The major turbine section components include:
• Turbine Rotor
• Turbine Shell
• Exhaust Frame
• Exhaust Diffuser
• Nozzles & Diaphragms
• Stationary shrouds
Turbine Rotor
• Distance piece
• First, second and third stage turbine wheels and buckets
• Two turbine spacers
• Aft turbine wheel shaft
Lube Oil System
Lube oil system consist on the following arrangement::
• Lube Oil tank &piping
• Oil filters
• Lube Oil Header pressure Regulating
• Oil Level gauge & Alarm
• Oil Coolers
• Lube Pumps
• Lube Oil sensor & protection device
• Starting & Cool down System
Torque Converter Assembly
•The Torque Converter assembly consists of a torque converter, hydraulic
ratchet mechanism and an output gear unit, mounted on the diesel
engine flywheel housing
•A small engine-driven pump supplies gas turbine lube oil to the torque
converter loop during engine operation.
Hydraulic Ratchet System
Components of hydraulic ratchet system include:
• Rotary actuator/one-way clutch mechanism in the torque converter assembly
• Hydraulic self-sequencing valve ratchet and clutch assembly
• Starting clutch solenoid
• Hydraulic ratchet pump assembly
• Relief valve
Accessory Drive System
• During start-up of the gas turbine the accessory gear transmits torque from
the starting device (Diesel engine/Electric motor) and the torque converter
assembly to the gas turbine shaft.
•Torque is transmitted from the gas turbine shaft via suitable gear drives
to the following:
• Fuel pump (liquid fuel only)
• Main lube oil pump
• Cooling water pump
• Control oil pump
• Main atomising air compressor (liquid fuel only)
Combined Stop/Speed Ration & Control Valves
The principle components of the stop/speed ratio and control valve:
• Valve discs, seats, stems, closing springs and components in the valve body,
including stem packing;
• Hydraulic cylinders, including pistons, rods and seals;
• Trip relay, including body and spool valve (stop/speed ratio valve only);
• Electro-hydraulic servo valves;
Heating & Ventilation System
The following heaters are provided to maintain suitable start-up temperatures and
humidity protection during shutdown and stand-by periods:
• Electric (AC) space heaters are installed in the accessory, turbine and generator
compartments.
• Ventilation for the compartments during turbine operations is provided for accessory
and turbine areas by a duty/standby pressurisation motor-driven fan arrangement.
• The fan draws air from the outside via an inlet filter at the accessory end of the
acoustic enclosure and discharges through outlets on the roof at the turbine end of
the enclosure.
Advantages Over Reciprocating Engines
• No reciprocating parts – less wear and tear
• More power to space ratio
• Less installation / commissioning time
• No pulsations due to Top dead and bottom dead points
• No fly wheels
• More power to weight ratio
• No limitation in size
Advantage Over Steam Turbines
• More Cogeneration efficiency
• Compact in size
• Less auxiliary power consumption
• Black start facility
• Power revival is fast
• Better impact loading capability
• Better flexibility in operation
• Needs only fuel and no utility if with black start facility
Compressor Washing
• Dirty compressor reduces air flow and thereby power generation and can be
cleaned by either
• Off line
• On line
Offline cleaning of compressor
Time
Fuels
• Natural gas
• HSD
• Naptha
• Reltrol
• Since Naptha is highly volatile
• it is not advisable to start the GT on naptha
• it is recommended to start and stop the GT while operating on naptha through
distillate fuel only
Inspection Schedules (Typical)
• Combustion inspection (12000 Running Hours)
• Hot gas path inspection (24000 Running hours)
• Major inspection (48000 Thousand Running hours)
All above are worked out depending on fuel used, numbers of starts
and stop, fast start , emergency shut down and mode of operation
Protections / Safety
• Low lube oil pressure Excess fuel flow
• High l/o temp Ignition failure
• High spread HRSG separation failure
• High bearing temp control
system fault
• High vibration starting device trip
• High warren pump temp generator
protection trip
• Loss of ignition
IGV TRIP
• Emergency Push button Over
speed bolt
• Flame detector failure liquid trip
oil pr lo fire
gas trip oil
press lo
• Comp Bleed valve trouble Exhaust temp hi-hi
• Exhaust press hi-hi Starting
motor overcurrent
• turbine inlet dp hi-hi Exhaust frame
Performance Improvement
• Increased Out put
• Improved Heat rate
• Increased Reliability
• Reduced maintenance time
