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Lecture 2 - Instrument Parts

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13 views33 pages

Lecture 2 - Instrument Parts

Uploaded by

Muhammad Amir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture no.

Instrumentation &
Control
In This Lecture:
 Functional elements of an Instrument
 Components of Instruments:
• Sensors
• Transducers
• Signal Processors
• A/D and D/A Convertors
• Amplifiers
• Hookup Wires
• Recorders

2
Functional Elements of
An
Instrument

3
Measured Medium

Primary Sensing Element

Variable Conversion Element

Variable Manipulation Element

Data Transmission Element

Data Presentation Element

Data Storage/Playback Element


4
Identify the functional elements of a
thermometer:
Identify the functional elements of a
Bourdon Gauge:

9
Sensors

10
Sense

Conver
Detect
t
Sens
or

Measur
Infer
e

11
Properties of a good
sensor:
A good sensor:
 Is sensitive to the measured property
 Is insensitive to any other property likely to

be encountered in its application


 Does not influence the measured property

 Ideal sensors are designed to be linear or


linear to some simple mathematical function
of the measurement.

12
Sensor Sensitivity:

 It indicates how much the sensor's output


changes when the measured quantity
changes.
◦ If the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the
temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C.

◦ Sensors that measure very small changes must have


very high sensitivities.

13
Sensor Deviations
If the sensor is not ideal, several types of
deviations can be observed:

 Since the range of the output signal is


always limited, the output signal will
eventually reach a minimum or maximum
when the measured property exceeds the
limits.
 The output signal is not zero when the
measured property is zero.
 The output signal may slowly change
independent of the measured property.
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Sensor Deviations (Cont.)
 The sensor may to some extent be
sensitive to properties other than the
property being measured. For example,
most sensors are influenced by the
temperature of their environment.

 If the sensor has a digital output, the


output is essentially an approximation of
the measured property. The approximation
error is also called digitization error.

15
Sensor Resolution

The resolution of a sensor is the smallest


change it can detect in the quantity that it is
measuring.

16
Properties which can be measured
by sensors:
 Acoustic, Sound,  Navigation
Vibration  Optical, Light,
 Environment, Imaging
Weather, Moisture,  Pressure
Humidity  Position, Angle,
 Composition, Displacement,
Weight Distance, Speed,
 Electric Current, Acceleration
Electric Potential,  Proximity
Magnetic, Radio  Thermal, Heat,
 Flow, Fluid Velocity Temperature
 Force, Density,
Level
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Applications of Sensors

18
Transducers

19
Introduction
 A transducer is a device that converts one type
of energy to another.

 The conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-


mechanical, electromagnetic, photovoltaic, or
any other form of energy.

 A sensor differs from a transducer in the way


that a transducer converts one form of energy
into other form whereas a sensor converts the
received signal into electrical form only.

20
Types:
 Input transducer:
◦ Converts a physical signal to electric signal

 Output transducer (Actuator):


◦ Converts an electric signal to a non-electric
signal
◦ An actuator accepts energy and produces
action.

21
Signal Processors

22
Signal Processors
 Filtering - removes some unwanted component
or feature from a signal
 Smoothing - capture important patterns in the
data, leave out noise or other fine-scale
structures/rapid phenomena
 Modulation - varying one or more properties of a
high-frequency periodic waveform

 Types:
 Analog Signal Processors
 Digital Signal Processors

23
A/D and D/A
Convertors

24
Amplifiers /
Attenuators

25
Hookup Wires
• Electrical connections provided between
the instrument and other electronic
devices.

26
Recorders

a) Chart Recorders
b) Data Loggers

27
a)Chart Recorders
 A chart recorder is a device that records
an electrical or mechanical input trend
onto a piece of paper (the chart).

 Chart recorders may record several


inputs using different color pens and may
record onto strip charts or circular charts.

28
a)Chart Recorders
 Strip chart recorders
 Circular chart
recorders
 Roll chart recorders

29
Applications
 Instant visual feedback is required

 Used where the need, opportunity or


technical ability to download and view
data on a computer is not available

30
b) Data Loggers
 Ability to automatically collect data on a
24-hour basis.
 Upon activation, data loggers are
typically deployed and left unattended to
measure and record information for the
duration of the monitoring period.
This allows for a comprehensive, accurate
picture of the environmental conditions
being monitored, such as air temperature
and relative humidity.

31
Applications
 Unattended weather station recording (such as wind
speed / direction, temperature, relative humidity, solar
radiation).
 Unattended hydrographic recording (such as water level,
water depth, water flow, water pH, water conductivity).
 Unattended soil moisture level recording.
 Unattended gas pressure recording.
 Process monitoring for maintenance and troubleshooting
applications.
 Process monitoring to verify warranty conditions
 Tank level monitoring.
 Load profile recording for energy consumption
management.

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