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Lecture 02

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18 views11 pages

Lecture 02

Uploaded by

Hasanul Mahi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 2

Topics:
1. Conditional Statements
2. Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositives
3. Biconditional Statements
4. Truth tables of Conditional Statements
Conditional Statements
Definition 5 Let p and q be propositions. The conditional statement p → q is the
proposition “if p, then q.” The conditional statement p → q is false when p is true and q
is false, and true otherwise. In the conditional statement p → q, p is called the
hypothesis (or antecedent or premise) and q is called the conclusion (or consequence)

TABLE 5 The Truth Table for the Conditional Statement

p q p→q
T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T
Other ways to express conditional statements

“if p, then q” “q whenever p”


“p implies q” “q when p”
“if p, q” “q is necessary for p”
“p only if q” “a necessary condition for p is q”
“p is sufficient for q” “q follows from p”
“a sufficient condition for q is p” “q unless ¬p”
“q if p” “q provided that p”
“If I am elected, then I will lower taxes.”

“If you get 100% on the final, then you will get an A.”

Remark: Because some of the different ways to express the implication p implies
q can be confusing, we will provide some extra guidance. To remember that “p
only if q” expresses the same thing as “if p, then q,” note that “p only if q” says that
p cannot be true when q is not true. That is, the statement is false if p is true, but q
is false. When p is false, q may be either true or false, because the statement
says nothing about the truth value of q.
“You can receive an A in the course only if your score on the final is at least 90%.

EXAMPLE 10 Let p be the statement “Maria learns discrete mathematics” and q


the statement “Maria will find a good job.” Express the statement p → q as a
statement in English.”

There are many other ways to express this conditional statement in English.
Among the most natural of these are “Maria will find a good job when she learns
discrete mathematics.” “For Maria to get a good job, it is sufficient for her to learn
discrete mathematics.” and “Maria will find a good job unless she does not learn
discrete mathematics.”
“If Juan has a smartphone, then 2 + 3 = 5” is true from the definition of a
conditional statement, because its conclusion is true. (The truth value of the
hypothesis does not matter then.) The conditional statement “If Juan has a
smartphone, then 2 + 3 = 6”
CONVERSE, CONTRAPOSITIVE, AND INVERSE

We can form some new conditional statements starting with a conditional


statement p → q. In particular, there are three related conditional statements that
occur so often that they have special names. The proposition q → p is called the
converse of p → q. The contrapositive of p → q is the proposition ¬q → ¬p. The
proposition ¬p → ¬ q is called the inverse of p → q. We will see that of these three
conditional statements formed from p → q, only the contrapositive always has the
same truth value as p → q.
We first show that the contrapositive, ¬q → ¬p, of a conditional statement p → q
always has the same truth value as p → q. To see this, note that the contrapositive
is false only when ¬p is false and ¬q is true, that is, only when p is true and q is
false. We now show that neither the converse, q → p, nor the inverse, ¬p → ¬q,
has the same truth value as p → q for all possible truth values of p and q. Note
that when p is true and q is false, the original conditional statement is false, but the
converse and the inverse are both true.
EXAMPLE 12 Find the contrapositive, the converse, and the inverse of the
conditional statement Extra Examples “The home team wins whenever it is
raining.”

Solution: Because “q whenever p” is one of the ways to express the conditional


statement p → q, the original statement can be rewritten as “If it is raining, then
the home team wins.” Consequently, the contrapositive of this conditional
statement is “If the home team does not win, then it is not raining.” The converse
is “If the home team wins, then it is raining.” The inverse is “If it is not raining, then
the home team does not win.” Only the contrapositive is equivalent to the original
statement.
Biconditional Statement
TABLE 6 The Truth Table for the Biconditional p ↔ q

p q p↔q
T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T
Definition 6 Let p and q be propositions. The biconditional statement p ↔ q is the
proposition “p if and only if q.” The biconditional statement p ↔ q is true when p
and q have the same truth values, and is false otherwise. Biconditional statements
are also called bi-implications.
“p is necessary and sufficient for q” “if p then q, and conversely” “p iff q.” “p exactly
when q.”

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