Digital Logic Design(DLD)

Lecture # 01

Lecturer: Fayaz Khan

Department of Computer Science,
Federal Government College(FGC),
Peshawar
Digital Logic Design(DLD)
Syllabus:
 Digital Logic Design
 Number System  Gates  Combinational circuit
 Decimal  Boolean Algebra  Can’t store data
 Binary  Types of Boolean Algebra  Sequential circuit
 Hexa Decimal  K- Map  Can store data
 Octal  Etc
 Binary Athematic
 Addition /Subtraction
 Multiplication /Division
Number System
 It is basically a system in which we able to know how to express a
number and how to deal with the number.
 Conversion of Number Systems
Conversion between numbers systems is quite an easy task. These are the
types of conversions that happen from one number system to another:
 Decimal to Other Number Systems
 Binary to Other Number Systems
 Octal to Other Number Systems
 Hexadecimal to Other Number Systems
 Conversion from Decimal to Other
Number Systems
 Decimal Numbers are represented with digits 0-9 and with base 10.
Conversion of a number system means conversion from one base to
another. Following are the conversion of the Decimal Number System to
other Number Systems:
 Decimal to Binary Conversion

Decimal numbers are represented in base 10, but the binary numbers are of base 2.
Hence, to convert a decimal number to binary number, the base of that number is to
be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Divide the Decimal Number with the base of the number system to be
converted to. Here the conversion is to binary, hence the divisor will be 2.
 Step 2: The remainder obtained from the division will become the least significant
digit of the new number.
 Step 3: The quotient obtained from the division will become the next dividend and
will be divided by base i.e. 2.
 Step 4: The remainder obtained will become the second least significant digit i.e. it
will be added in the left of the previously obtained digit.
 Now, the steps 3 and 4 are repeated until the quotient obtained becomes 0, and the
remainders obtained after each iteration are added to the left of the existing digits.
 After all the iterations are over, the last obtained remainder will be termed as the
Most Significant digit.
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Octal Numbers are represented in base 8. Hence, to convert a decimal
number to octal number, the base of that number is to be changed. Follow
the steps given below:
 Step 1: Divide the Decimal Number with the base of the number
system to be converted to. Here the conversion is to octal, hence the
divisor will be 8.
 Step 2: The remainder obtained from the division will become the least
significant digit of the new number.
 Step 3: The quotient obtained from the division will become the next
dividend and will be divided by base i.e. 8.
 Step 4: The remainder obtained will become the second least
significant digit i.e. it will be added in the left of the previously obtained
digit.
 Now, the steps 3 and 4 are repeated until the quotient obtained
becomes 0, and the remainders obtained after each iteration are added
to the left of the existing digits.
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

Hexadecimal Numbers are represented in base 16. Hence, to convert a

decimal number to hexadecimal number, the base of that number is to be
changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Divide the Decimal Number with the base of the number
system to be converted to. Here the conversion is to Hex hence the
divisor will be 16.
 Step 2: The remainder obtained from the division will become the least
significant digit of the new number.
 Step 3: The quotient obtained from the division will become the next
dividend and will be divided by base i.e. 16.
 Step 4: The remainder obtained will become the second least
significant digit i.e. it will be added in the left of the previously obtained
digit.
 Now, the steps 3 and 4 are repeated until the quotient obtained
becomes 0, and the remainders obtained after each iteration are added
to the left of the existing digits.
 Conversion from Binary to Other
Number Systems
 Binary Numbers are represented with digits 0 and 1 and with base 2.
Conversion of a number system means conversion from one base to
another. Following are the conversion of the Binary Number System to
other Number Systems:
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Binary numbers are represented in base 2 but the decimal numbers are of
base 10. Hence, to convert the binary number into a decimal number, the
base of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Multiply each digit of the Binary number with the place value of
that digit, starting from right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
 Step 2: Add the result of this multiplication and the decimal number will
be formed.
Example: To convert (11101011)2 into a decimal number
Binary to Octal Conversion
Binary numbers are represented in base 2 but the octal numbers are of
base 8. Hence, to convert the binary number into octal number, the base of
that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Divide the binary number into groups of three digits starting
from right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
 Step 2: Convert these groups into equivalent octal digits.
Example: To convert (11101011)2 into an octal number
Binary to Hexadecimal
Conversion
Binary numbers are represented in base 2 but the Hexadecimal numbers
are of base 10. Hence, to convert the binary number into Hex number, the
base of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Divide the binary number into groups of four digits starting
from right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
 Step 2: Convert these groups into equivalent hex digits.
Example: To convert (1110101101101)2 into a hex number
 Conversion from Octal to Other
Number Systems
 Octal Numbers are represented with digits 0-7 and with base 8.
Conversion of a number system means conversion from one base to
another. Following are the conversions of the Octal Number System to
other Number Systems:
Octal to Decimal Conversion:
Octal numbers are represented in base 8, but the decimal numbers are of
base 10. Hence, to convert an octal number to a decimal number, the base
of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Multiply each digit of the Octal number with the place value of
that digit, starting from right to left i.e. from LSB to MSB.
 Step 2: Add the result of this multiplication and the decimal number will
be formed.
Octal to Binary Conversion:
Octal numbers are represented in base 8, but the binary numbers are of
base 2. Hence, to convert an octal number to a binary number, the base of
that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Write each digit of the octal number separately.
 Step 2: Convert each digit into an equivalent group of three binary
digits.
 Step 3: Combine these groups to form the whole binary number.
Example: (247)8 is to be converted to binary
Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion:
Octal numbers are represented in base 8, but the hexadecimal numbers are
of base 16. Hence, to convert an octal number to a hex number, the base
of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: We need to convert the Octal number to Binary first. For that,
follow the steps given in the above conversion.
 Step 2: Now to convert the binary number to Hex number, divide the
binary digits into groups of four digits starting from right to left i.e. from
LSB to MSB.
 Step 3: Add zeros prior to MSB to make it a proper group of four digits(if
required)
 Step 4: Now convert these groups into their relevant decimal values.
 Step 5: For values from 10-15, convert it into Hex symbols i.e from A-F
Example: (5456)8 is to be converted to
hex
 Conversion from Hexadecimal to
Other Number Systems
 Hex Numbers are represented with digits 0-9 and with letters A-F and
with base 16. Conversion of a number system means conversion from
one base to another. Following are the conversions of the Hexadecimal
Number System to other Number Systems:
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Conversion:
Hexadecimal numbers are represented in base 16 but the decimal numbers
are of base 10. Hence, to convert a hexadecimal number to a decimal
number, the base of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given
below:
 Step 1: Write the decimal values of the symbols used in the Hex
number i.e. from A-F
 Step 2: Multiply each digit of the Hex number with its place value.
starting from right to left.
 Step 3: Add the result of multiplications and the final sum will be the
decimal number.
Example: To convert (8EB4)16 into a decimal value
Hexadecimal to Binary
Conversion
Hex numbers are represented in base 16, but the binary numbers are of
base 2. Hence, to convert a hexadecimal number to a binary number, the
base of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: Convert the Hex symbols into its equivalent decimal values.
 Step 2: Write each digit of the Hexadecimal number separately.
 Step 3: Convert each digit into an equivalent group of four binary
digits.
 Step 4: Combine these groups to form the whole binary number.
Example: (B2E)16 is to be converted to binary
Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion:
Hexadecimal numbers are represented in base 16, but the octal numbers
are of base 8. Hence, to convert a hex number to an octal number, the
base of that number is to be changed. Follow the steps given below:
 Step 1: We need to convert the Hexadecimal number to Binary first. For
that, follow the steps given in the above conversion.
 Step 2: Now to convert the binary number to Octal number, divide the
binary digits into groups of three digits starting from right to left i.e.
from LSB to MSB.
 Step 3: Add zeros prior to MSB to make it a proper group of three
digits(if required)
 Step 4: Now convert these groups into their relevant decimal values.
Example: (B2E)16 is to be converted to hex