SUBJECT

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY IN
BUSINESS
(22MBA206)
 Objective of the Course

• To understand the emerging technologies applicable in the field of Management.

• To study data science as a tool for decision making in Management.

• To understand the concept of AI, Machine learning, IOT, Augmented Reality, Block chain
Technology & robotics.

• To study other emerging technologies in Management.

 Course Outcomes

• Understand and apply the technologies for complex problem solving in business.

• Understand the latest trends in technology practices and its application in business decision
making.

• Analyze the role of emerging technology for value creation in business.

• Analyze the impact of technologies across various industries on ethical aspects of business.
 Syllabus
Unit 1 Introduction to Emerging Technologies
Evolution of technologies; Introduction to Industrial revolution; Historical background of the Industrial
Revolution; Introduction to Fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0);
Role of data for Emerging technologies; Enabling devices and networks for emerging technologies
(programmable devices); Human to Machine Interaction; Future trends in emerging technologies.

Unit 2 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Concept of AI, meaning of AI, History of AI, Levels of AI, Types of AI, Applications of AI in Manufacturing,
Agriculture, Health, Business (Emerging market), Education, AI tools and platforms (eg: scratch/object tracking).

Unit 3 Machine Learning (ML) & Internet of Things (IoT)

Meaning, Machine Learning vs. Traditional Programming, Machine learning working process, Uses of ML,
Challenges and Limitations of Machine Learning, Application of Machine Learning

Overview of IOT, meaning of IOT, History of IOT, Advantages of IOT, Challenges of IOT, IOT working
process; Applications of IOT at Smart home; Smart grid, Smart city, Wearable devices, Smart farming.
•
Unit 4 - Other Emerging Technologies & Ethics
Robotics: Introduction to robots, Meaning, Characteristics, Classification of robots. Applications of
robots in different fields

Block Chain technology: Meaning, Types, Applications in of Blockchain technology Business

Augmented Reality (AR) &Virtual Reality (VR): Introduction to AR, Virtual reality (VR),
Augmented Reality (AR) vs mixed reality (MR). Application of AR systems (education, medical,
assistance, entertainment) Technology Ethics: Technology and ethics, Digital privacy, Accountability
and trust, Threats and challenges.

Unit 5 - Case study

Compulsory question for 20 Marks. Review and recap of case studies discussed from Unit I to Unit
 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES
 Unit 1 Introduction to Emerging Technologies
Evolution of technologies
Introduction to Industrial revolution
Historical background of the Industrial Revolution
Introduction to Fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0)

Role of data for Emerging technologies

Enabling devices and networks for emerging technologies (programmable
devices)
Human to Machine Interaction; Future trends in emerging technologies.
Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new
technology,

It may also refer to the continuing development of existing technology.

The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently developing,

or that are expected to be available within the next five to ten years.
List of some currently available emerged technologies,

 Artificial Intelligence
 Blockchain
 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
 Cloud Computing
 Angular and React
 DevOps
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
 Big Data
 Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES
Technological evolution is a theory of radical
transformation of society through technological
development.

Technology runs our lives these days. Smartphones, tablets and

computers – we really can’t seem to function without them.

In a very short amount of time, technology has exploded in the

market and now, many people cannot imagine a life without it
NEED OF TECHNOLOGY
1. Before the advent of modern technology, life was burdensome and
everyday chores consumed too much of our time.

2. The access to education, medicine , industry, transportation, has been

simplified due to modern technology.

3. Due to the convenience and efficiency provided by technology, our lives

have improved significantly

4. We could attend the class, work from home, be connected with family
and friends even during the pandemic times.
Now a days technology runs our lives
 Technology permeates various aspects of our lives, transforming how we interact with the world and perform
everyday tasks

Education
• Online Learning: Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy offer a wide range of courses, making
education accessible globally.
• Digital Classrooms: Tools like Google Classroom and Zoom facilitate virtual learning, enabling teachers and
students to interact remotely.
• Interactive Learning: Apps and educational games engage students, making learning more interactive and
fun.
• Personalized Learning: AI-powered tools provide personalized learning experiences by adapting to the
student's pace and style.
Business
• E-commerce: Platforms like Amazon and eBay enable businesses to reach a global audience, expanding
market opportunities.
• Automation: Technologies like AI and robotics streamline operations, increasing efficiency and reducing costs.
• Data Analytics: Businesses use big data analytics to make informed decisions, predict trends, and improve
customer experiences.
• Communication: Tools like Slack, Microsoft Teams, and Zoom facilitate seamless communication and
Healthcare

• Electronic Health Records (EHR): Digital records improve the accuracy and accessibility of patient
information, leading to better patient care.
• Telemedicine: Remote consultations allow patients to receive medical advice without visiting a hospital,
increasing access to healthcare.
• Medical Devices: Advanced devices and wearables monitor health metrics in real-time, enabling
proactive health management.
• Robotic Surgery: Robots assist in precision surgeries, reducing recovery time and improving outcomes.

Banking

• Online Banking: Mobile and internet banking provide customers with convenient access to financial
services.
• Digital Payments: Services like PayPal, Venmo, and cryptocurrencies facilitate quick and secure
transactions.
• Blockchain: Ensures secure and transparent transactions, reducing fraud in financial operations.
• AI and Machine Learning: Used for fraud detection, customer service chatbots, and personalized
financial advice.
Government Offices

• E-Government Services: Online portals allow citizens to access various government services and
information easily.
• Digital Identity: Systems like Aadhaar in India provide citizens with a digital identity, streamlining
access to services.
• Data Management: Governments use big data to analyze and improve public services and policy-
making.
• Automation: Reduces paperwork and improves efficiency in government operations.

Home

• Smart Home Devices: Devices like Amazon Echo and Google Home automate household tasks and
enhance convenience.
• Home Security: Smart security systems offer remote monitoring and control, improving home safety.
• Energy Management: Smart thermostats and lighting systems optimize energy usage, reducing costs
and environmental impact.
• Entertainment: Streaming services, smart TVs, and gaming consoles provide diverse entertainment
options.
Marketing

• Digital Marketing: Social media, SEO, and email marketing allow businesses to reach targeted
audiences more effectively.
• Analytics: Tools like Google Analytics help marketers track and analyze campaign performance,
improving strategies.
• AI in Marketing: AI-driven tools personalize marketing efforts, predict trends, and enhance customer
engagement.
• Content Creation: Technology aids in creating engaging content through video editing software, graphic
design tools, and more.

Students

• Study Aids: Apps like Quizlet and Chegg help students study and prepare for exams.
• Research: Access to vast online resources and academic journals aids in comprehensive research.
• Collaboration: Platforms like Google Drive and Microsoft OneDrive enable students to collaborate on
projects seamlessly.
• Career Development: Online platforms provide students with job search tools, resume builders, and
career advice.
Why to study industrial revolution

• Game changer

• Growth of industry

• Rapid urbanization

• Improved lifestyle of the people

• Global hunger

• Global wealth

• Global migration
 The Industrial Revolution is a critical period in history that transformed societies,
economies, and cultures around the world.

• Game Changer: The Industrial Revolution was a game changer because it marked a fundamental shift in

how goods were produced and how societies were organized. Before this period, most goods were made
by hand in small workshops or at home. The introduction of machinery and factory systems allowed for
mass production, leading to economies of scale, lower costs, and the availability of a wide variety of
goods.

• Growth of Industry: The growth of industry during the Industrial Revolution was unprecedented. It led to

the development of new industries such as textiles, steel, and coal mining. Innovations like the steam
engine, spinning jenny, and power loom increased production capabilities.

• Rapid Urbanization: Rapid urbanization was a direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution. As

factories were established, people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work. This migration
resulted in the growth of urban centers and the development of new cities.
• Improved Lifestyle of the People: The Industrial Revolution led to improved lifestyles for many people.
Increased production and the advent of new technologies meant that goods became more affordable and
accessible. There were advancements in transportation (like railways and steamships) and communication
(like the telegraph), which connected people and markets.

• Global Hunger: The Industrial Revolution had a complex relationship with global hunger. On one hand,
agricultural innovations and increased food production helped feed growing populations. Mechanized farming,
fertilizers, and improved crop varieties boosted yields. On the other hand, the focus on industrial production
sometimes led to the neglect of traditional agriculture,

• Global Wealth: The Industrial Revolution significantly impacted global wealth distribution. Industrialized
nations accumulated substantial wealth, leading to economic dominance and the expansion of empires. The
wealth generated fueled further investments in technology and infrastructure.

• Global Migration: The Industrial Revolution encouraged global migration. People moved in large numbers from
rural areas to urban centers and from one country to another in search of better opportunities. This migration
was driven by the demand for labor in factories and industries.
 Industrialisation

Industrialization is a process by which manufacturing industries (engineering

product or FMCG) develop from within a predominantly agrarian society to a

society that wholly depends on nature for its sustenance.

Industrialization is a process of converting traditional system to a socio-

economic order in which industry is dominated and drives the economy of a

country.
Industrialization is a part of a broader modernization process, where social

change and economic development are closely related with technological

innovation and adaption, particularly with the development of large-scale

industries in sectors like automobile, power generation, textile,

pharmaceutical, metallurgy, space, military equipment's, infrastructure etc..

The term industrialization may also be used to describe the methods used to

increase productivity and serviceability in areas other than manufacturing such

as agriculture, services like Zomato and swiggy, transport aggregators like

uber, ola or even accommodation booking like OYO, Treebo and others.
Characteristics features of Industrialization
• It depends on and applies scientific methods to solving problems instead

of experimental and judgmental methods.

• Shift from labour intensive to mechanization and a factory system.

• Optimal human resource management by division of labor.

• Financial planning and assessment for the growth of the money

economy.

• A talented mobile workforce both geographically and socially that can

adopt, adjust and act in any circumstances.

Historical Background of the Industrial revolution / Phases of Industrial revolution
 Changes in economic, political, and social structure due to
Industrialisation
• Due to innovations, employment, import and export, a wider distribution of wealth was seen
among nations and among various strata of populations
• Increased international trade amongst various nations and regional partners like SAARC (South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations ), etc.
• Political changes and political will to bring about economic changes in the country resulting in
economic power where the so-called developing countries were now on the fast track to be called
developed countries.
• Social changes that included the rise of working-class movements across the globe more so in
skilled, technical, medical and software sectors.
• Development of managerial hierarchies and management tools to oversee the division of labour
that resulted in higher efficiency.
• The emergency of new pattern of authority and accountability
• Struggle against eco damages such as industrial pollution, global warming, and other crowding
Causes and Consequences of Industrialisation
Causes Consequences

1. Horrible Living Conditions for Workers

1. Increase in Per Capita Income
2. Poor Nutrition
2. Rise in Capital Formation
3. A Stressful, Unsatisfying Lifestyle
3. Optimal Use of Economic Resources
4. Dangerous Workplaces
4. Creating More Employment
5. Child Labor
5. Solving BOP Problem
6. Discrimination Against Women
6. Agricultural Improvement
7. Environmental Harm
7. Stable Economic Growth
Impact of industrialisation on society
Industrialisation in Asia
History of industrialisation

During the colonial period, India followed the non-industrial model

as a developing country. However, a significant number of Indians

took this model as a hindrance towards growth, and they opined

that only industrialization could maximize the economic growth of

the country. After independence, India’s first Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru employed the tool of industrialization to

eradicate poverty from the country.

With the introduction of industrialization, there was a significant

amount of growth through the flow of internal and external

economies that pushed the country towards self-sufficiency.

Further, the government realized that the potential of exports and

agriculture was limited and hence taxation occurred based on the

terms of trade. Heavy industry of the country was given attention

by emphasizing import substitution.

The introduction of industrialization in India could only be catalyzed through the

implication of a centralized and planned economy. The administrative control occurred

with the foundation of The Industries Act 1951 which focused on the development and

regulation of the industry.

While there were numerous East Asian countries building strong private sectors through

the intervention of the state, India during the same period was focusing on state

regulation over important industries. In the mid-19th century, industrialization in India

went through two major shifts which were rural electrification and activism of the state in

subsiding new seeds and fertilizers.

By the end of 1970, India was self-sufficient in grains with the success of the green

revolution. Some of the major changes that occurred during this period were regulation

on prices, nationalized banks, trade restrictions and squeezing of the foreign

investment.

In the late 19th Century, economic reforms were launched to promote a competitive

economy. The promotion of a competitive economy opened the door for foreign

investment and trade. There was also a considerable amount of reduction in the use of

import licenses and tariffs that encouraged the idea of global integration. Such changes

enabled import-export trade to carry out business operations without the requirement of

permit or license.
 Industrial developments post-independence in India

A large number of industries have been established in the post-independence India in

private, public and joint sectors. There are a lot of industrial resources and raw materials

available in India. Bhilai, Bokaro, Rourkela, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Renukoot, etc., emerged

as major centers during the first one and a half decades of independence.

However, later on, industrialization at medium and small scale was taken up in all the

states. The main sectors of industrialization today are electronics, transport and

telecommunication. Compared to advanced countries, there is very little industrialization

in India. About 10 per cent of the total workers are employed in the organized industrial

sector. Both private and public sectors have grown side by side since independence.
In 1948, it was decided to reserve right of control with the state over coal, steel,

aviation, petroleum industries, etc. All other industries were open to private

enterprises. In 1956, a resolution was passed under which private capital was allowed

to enter into the reserved sectors of industry. A number of top-ranking industrialists

were members of the Central Advisory Council and Development Council.

The state enterprises and public sector undertakings ran into heavy losses, and this put

a question mark on the capabilities of the Indian States and its approaches in

managing its own establishment. A debate started on private-public sector partnership

and divide. The debate result was in favour of the private sector.
Many of the government enterprises were handed over to private entrepreneurs and

industrialists. Privatization has entered in a selected way in offices and transport sector, including

roads, railways and airways. ‘Contractualism’ is the new slogan that has started.

Large-scale industries started in the first fifteen years of planning in India. Rate of industrial

growth was fluctuating between 2 to 12 per cent. However, we have observed a steady industrial

progress after 1967. The enduring factors which have contributed to the growth are vast natural

resources, economic surplus, large labour force, high urban concentration, concentration of

surplus within a small social group, availability of trained personnel, a stable political structure,

powerful means of state economic control, etc. Currently, the growth rate is around 8 per cent.

Today, India is one of the top developing countries compared to the countries of Africa and South

America.
However, production of luxury goods, control of monopolies, sluggish rate of agricultural

development, etc., have come as obstacles in industrial development. Despite these

factors, investments in private sector have been increasing.

Collaborations with industrially advanced countries like the USA, UK, Russia, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan, etc., are a clear testimony of India’s industrial progress. A boost

has been given to the development of small-scale industries too during various plans.

Today India has a global market. India and China are considered as the fast-developing

countries.
 Industrial Revolution
• An Industrial Revolution at its core occurs when a society shifts from using tools to make
products to using new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in factories.

• The revolution started in England, with a series of innovations to make labor more
efficient and productive.

• The Industrial Revolution was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small
shops and homes to large factories.

• This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural areas to big cities
in order to work.
 What are the four types of industry?
1. Primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming and
fishing.

2. Secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.

3. Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.

4. The quaternary industry involves research and development industries

e.g. IT.
First Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)
• The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a

transition to new manufacturing processes.

• IR was first coined in the 1760s, during the

time where this revolution began.

• The transitions in the first IR included going

from hand production methods to machines,

the increasing use of steam power, the

development of machine tools and the rise of

the factory system.

• In the 1800s, water- and steam-powered

Second Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
• The Second IR, also known as the Technological

Revolution, began somewhere in the 1870s.

• The advancements in IR 2.0 included the

development of methods for manufacturing

interchangeable parts and widespread adoption

of pre-existing technological systems such as

telegraph and railroad networks.

• This adoption allowed the vast movement of

people and ideas, enhancing communication.

Third Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
• IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical

and analog electronic technology to digital

electronics which began from the late1950s.

• Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR3.0 was

given the nickname, “Digital Revolution”.

• The core factor of this revolution is the mass

production and widespread use of digital logic

circuits and its derived technologies such as the

computer, handphones and the Internet.

• These technological innovations have arguably

transformed traditional production and business

techniques enabling people to communicate with

another without the need of being physically

present.

• Certain practices that were enabled during IR 3.0

is still being practiced until this current day, for

example – the explosion of digital computers and

digital record.
Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
• Now, with advancements in various technologies such as

robotics, Internet of Things (IoT see Figure 1.4), additive

manufacturing and autonomous vehicles, the term

“Fourth Industrial Revolution” or IR 4.0 was coined by

Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive chairman of

World Economic Forum, in the year 2016. The

technologies mentioned above are what you call – cyber-

physical systems. A cyber-physical system is a

mechanism that is controlled or monitored by computer-

based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet

and its users.

• One example that is being widely practiced in

industries today is the usage of Computer

Numerical Control (CNC) machines. These

machines are operated by giving it instructions

using a computer. Another major breakthrough

that is associated with IR 4.0 is the adoption of

Artificial Intelligence (AI), where we can see it

being implemented into our smartphones. AI is

also one of the main elements that give life to

Autonomous Vehicles and Automated Robots.

Overall Journey of Industry Revolution
Components of Industry 4.0
1. COMPUTER INTEGRATION SYSTEM

The process of creating a complex information system that may include designing or

building a customized architecture or application, integrating it with new or existing

hardware, packaged and custom software, and communications.

2. IOT

The internet of things is a technology that allows us to add a device to an inactive object

(for example: vehicles, plant electronic systems, roofs, lighting, etc.) that can measure

environmental parameters, generate associated data and transmit them through a

communications network.
3. IOS

The Internet of Services (IoS) everything that is needed to use software

applications is available as a service on the Internet, including the software itself,

the tools to develop the software, and the platform (servers, storage and

communication) to run the software.

4. Smart Factory

The digital transformation to Industry 4.0 starts with collecting data, then adds

artificial intelligence to make sense of that data. Smart factories employ IoT

devices that connect machines and computers to get a clear picture of the

manufacturing facility with real-time data.

Industry 4.0 Design Principles
• Interoperability

• Virtualization

• Decentralization

• Real time capability

• Service orientation

• Modularity
1.Interoperability: Systems, devices, and people can connect and communicate with each other
via the Internet of Things (IoT). This seamless integration allows for smooth data exchange and
collaboration across different platforms and stakeholders.

2.Example: In a smart factory, machines, sensors, and software systems are interconnected through
the IoT. For instance, a CNC machine communicates with a central monitoring system to report its
operational status and performance metrics in real-time.

2.Virtualization: The creation of a virtual copy of the physical world through sensors and data
models. This digital twin enables monitoring and analysis of processes in real-time, enhancing
decision-making and operational efficiency.

3.Example: A manufacturing company uses digital twin technology to create a virtual model of its
production line. This model simulates the physical production processes, enabling engineers to test
changes and predict outcomes without disrupting the actual production.
3.Decentralization: Decision-making is distributed across smart devices rather than centralized.
This allows for more autonomous and adaptable processes, reducing the need for centralized control
and enabling quicker response to changes.

4.Example: An autonomous warehouse employs decentralized control where individual robots handle
specific tasks independently, such as picking and transporting items. Each robot makes real-time
decisions based on its environment and workload, enhancing efficiency and flexibility.

5.Real-time capability: The ability to collect, analyze, and respond to data instantaneously. This
ensures that processes are enhanced continuously, improving efficiency and responsiveness to
dynamic conditions.

6.Example: A smart grid system collects and analyzes data from various sensors across the electricity
network. This real-time monitoring allows for immediate adjustments in power distribution to balance
supply and demand, preventing outages and optimizing energy use.
5.Service orientation: Leveraging services to create modular and flexible production systems.
This principle emphasizes the use of digital services and platforms to provide functionality and
integrate systems easily.

Example: A car manufacturer utilizes a cloud-based platform to integrate various production

services, such as quality control, supply chain management, and predictive maintenance. These
services can be easily updated or replaced without overhauling the entire system, enhancing
modularity and flexibility.

6.Modularity: Designing systems to be easily reconfigurable and scalable. This allows for flexible
adaptation to changing requirements and conditions, facilitating quick and cost-effective upgrades
and expansions.

Example: A modular production system in an electronics factory allows for the quick reconfiguration
of assembly lines to produce different products. When there is a need to switch from producing
smartphones to tablets, the system can be easily adapted by rearranging and replacing modules.
Industry 4.0 Benefits and Challenges
Benefits

• Optimization

• Customizing

• Thrust on Research and Developments

Challenges

• Threat

• Investment

• Employability

• Privacy
1.Optimization:
1. Enhanced Efficiency: Automated processes and real-time data analysis streamline operations, reducing waste
and increasing productivity.
2. Cost Reduction: Predictive maintenance and optimized resource allocation lower operational costs and
minimize downtime.
3. Quality Improvement: Continuous monitoring and feedback loops ensure higher product quality and
consistency.

2.Customizing:
1. Personalized Products: Advanced manufacturing techniques enable mass customization, tailoring products to
individual customer preferences.
2. Rapid Adaptation: Flexible production systems allow for quick adjustments to meet changing market demands
and trends.
3. Increased Customer Satisfaction: Delivering customized solutions improves customer experience and loyalty.

3.Thrust on Research and Development:

1. Accelerated Innovation: Integration of advanced technologies fosters a culture of continuous improvement
and innovation.
2. Collaborative Development: Digital platforms enable better collaboration between R&D teams, suppliers, and
customers.
3. Reduced Time-to-Market: Virtual prototyping and simulation reduce the development cycle, bringing new
products to market faster.
•Threats
1. Cybersecurity risks due to increased connectivity.
2. Vulnerabilities in IoT devices and systems.

•Investment
1. High initial costs for technology integration.
2. Continuous investment in updates and maintenance.

•Employability
3. Potential job displacement due to automation.
4. Need for reskilling and upskilling the workforce.

•Privacy
1. Data privacy concerns with extensive data collection.
2. Compliance with regulations like GDPR.
Impact of Industry 4.0 on technology and management

• Improvement in services and business models due to seamless information flow

• Continuous productivity due to low downtime

• IT security and privacy at all levels

• Optimum resource utilization

• Machine safety in terms of avoiding accidents and breakdowns due to smart

devices

• Quality of work life for employees

Industry Revolution 4.0 and India
• It can play a major role in increasing per capita income and alleviate poverty

• Better and low cost healthcare can be achieved through the implementation of AI driven diagnostics,

personalized treatment, early identification of potential pandemics and imaging diagnostics among

others

• Enhancing farmer income by providing them with the latest technologies, improvement in crop yield

through real time advisory, advanced detection of pest attacks, weather forecasts, government

schemes for formers.

• It will strengthen infrastructure and connect every village.

• Specially abled people will benefit by technologies like AI, tactile sensors, and text readers.

• It will improve ease of living end ease of doing business using smart technologies

• Recently, India has announced drone policy, which will play an important role in security, traffic and

mapping
Role of data for emerging technologies
• The era of data-centric computing is here, different technologies like loT, Social
medias Search engines, block chain, Al/ML, almost every technology have
different uses for data.

• There are 2.5 Quintillion bytes of data created each day at our current pace, but
that pace is only accelerating with the growth of the Internet of Things (loT).

• Over the last two years alone 90 percent of the data in the world was generated.

• Data generation, delivery, concentration, and exploration are transforming how

organizations connect with customers, develop new revenue sources, and improve
operational efficiencies.
Use of data in our daily life
• Music, shows, and movies

• Healthcare and medical services

• Shopping and marketing

• Travel and transportation

• Public policy and safety

• News and information

• Education and employment

• AI

• Identifying and predicting disease

• Personalized healthcare recommendations

• Optimizing shipping routes in real time

• Stamping out tax fraud

• Automating digital advertisements placement

1. Music, Shows, and Movies
• Personalized recommendations based on viewing habits.

2. Healthcare and Medical Services

• Identifying and predicting diseases.
• Personalized healthcare recommendations.

3. Shopping and Marketing

• Tailored advertisements and product suggestions.
• Automating digital advertisement placement.

4. Travel and Transportation

• Optimizing shipping routes in real time.
• Dynamic pricing and route planning.

5. Public Policy and Safety

• Using data to inform policy decisions.
• Enhancing public safety through predictive analytics.
6. News and Information
• Personalized news feeds and content delivery.

7. Education and Employment

• Adaptive learning platforms.
• Data-driven job matching and skill development.

8. AI
• Stamping out tax fraud through data analysis.
• Enhancing decision-making across various sectors.

9. Identifying and Predicting Disease

•Data from medical records and wearable devices help in early detection of conditions.
•Predictive analytics assess risk factors and potential outbreaks.
10. Personalized Healthcare Recommendations:
•Health data is analyzed to offer tailored treatment plans and wellness tips.
•Continuous monitoring data provides real-time adjustments to care.

11. Optimizing Shipping Routes in Real Time:

•GPS and traffic data optimize delivery paths, reducing delays and costs.
•Historical data on weather and road conditions improves future planning.

11. Stamping Out Tax Fraud

•Transaction and financial data are scrutinized to detect patterns of fraud.
•Data analytics help authorities identify suspicious tax filings.

12. Automating Digital Advertisements Placement

•User behavior data ensures ads are shown to relevant audiences.
•Data-driven insights optimize ad spend and increase engagement rates.
Big Data Storage
• The most common place and system to store data is associated with HDFS or Hadoop

Distributed File System with Hadoop data warehouse. HDFS stores information in

clusters that are made up of smaller blocks. These blocks are stored in onsite physical

storage units, such as internal disk drives.

Enabling devices and network for emerging technologies (Programmable Devices)
Programmable devices are hardware components whose functionality can
be configured or programmed to perform specific tasks.

Unlike fixed-function devices, which have a predefined purpose,

programmable devices can be customized and reprogrammed to meet the
requirements of various applications.
 Examples of Programmable
Devices
1.Microcontrollers (MCUs)
1. Example: Atmel ATmega328
Use Case: Found in Arduino boards, used in embedded systems, robotics, and home
automation projects.
Features: Integrated CPU, memory, and peripherals like ADCs (Analog-to-Digital
Converters), timers, and communication interfaces.
2.Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
1. Example: Xilinx Virtex-6
Use Case: Used in high-performance computing, signal processing, and
telecommunications.
Features: Configurable logic blocks, interconnects, and I/O blocks; highly parallel
processing capabilities; reprogrammable.
3. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)
Example: Altera MAX V
Use Case: Suitable for simpler logic functions, glue logic, and interface bridging.
Features: Smaller scale than FPGAs, fixed architecture with configurable logic
elements.

4. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

Example: Siemens S7-1200
Use Case: Industrial automation and control systems, manufacturing processes,
and building automation
Features: Robust, reliable, and designed for harsh industrial environments,
programmable via ladder logic, structured text, or function block diagrams.
5. Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC)
Example: Cypress PSoC 6.
Use Case: IoT devices, wearable technology, and consumer electronics.
Features: Combines programmable analog and digital blocks with a microcontroller;
customizable peripheral configuration.

6. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)

Example: Texas Instruments TMS320
Use Case: Audio and video processing, telecommunications, and radar systems.
Features: Specialized architecture for real-time signal processing; optimized for multiply-
accumulate operations.

7. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)

Example: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080
Use Case: Graphics rendering, machine learning, and parallel computing tasks.
Features: Large number of cores for parallel processing; programmable shaders and compute
units.
Human Machines Interaction
• HMI refers to the communication and interaction between a
human and a machine via a user interface.

• Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as gestures have gained

increasing attention as they allow humans to control machines
through natural and intuitive behaviors.
Human Machines Interaction
What is interaction in human computer interaction?

HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) is the study of how people

interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are
not developed for successful interaction with human beings.

HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and the
ways they work together.
Human Machines Interaction
How do users interact with computers?

The user interacts directly with hardware for the human input and
output such as displays, e.g. through a graphical user interface.

The user interacts with the computer over the software interface
using the given input and output (1/0) hardware.
Human Machines Interaction
How important is human computer interaction?

The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and

computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive
to the user's needs.

The main advantages of HCI are simplicity, ease of deployment

&operations and cost savings — for smaller set-ups.
Human Machines Interaction
Disciplines Contributing to Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
 Human Machines Interaction
Disciplines Contributing to Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that combines aspects of

computer science, cognitive psychology, design, and several other areas. Here are the
primary disciplines contributing to HCI,
1. Computer Science
• Human Factors Engineering: Focuses on optimizing the interaction between people and
machines, emphasizing usability and reducing errors.
• Software Engineering: Concerned with developing high-quality software, which includes
user-friendly interfaces.
• Artificial Intelligence: Enhances interaction through intelligent systems and adaptive
interfaces.
2. Cognitive Psychology
• Perception and Attention: Studies how users perceive and focus on different elements of an
interface.
• Memory: Investigates how information is remembered and recalled, influencing design for ease
of use.
• Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: Explores how users approach tasks and make decisions
using a system.
3. Design
• Graphic Design: Focuses on the visual aspects of interfaces, including layout, color, and
typography.
• Industrial Design: Involves the design of physical devices that interact with computers.
• Interaction Design: Centers on designing interactive products that enhance user experience
4. Human Factors and Ergonomics
• Ergonomics: Ensures that devices and interfaces are comfortable and efficient to use.
• User Experience (UX): Encompasses all aspects of a user's interaction with a product, aiming to
improve satisfaction and usability.
5. Social Sciences
• Sociology: Studies how groups of people use and are affected by technology.
• Anthropology: Provides insights into cultural differences in technology use and acceptance.

6. Linguistics
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables interaction with computers using human
language, important for designing chatbots and voice interfaces.

7. Education
• Instructional Design: Focuses on creating educational experiences that make learning more
efficient and effective.
• Learning Sciences: Studies how people learn and how technology can facilitate learning.
8. Communication Studies
• Media Studies: Analyzes how different forms of media influence user interaction and
behavior.
• Communication Theory: Helps in understanding how information is transmitted and
received through interfaces.

9. Information Systems
• Database Management: Ensures that information systems are organized and accessible
for users.
• Information Retrieval: Focuses on the search and retrieval of information, crucial for
developing effective search engines and databases.
Human Machines Interaction
Human Side
1. Cognition: This refers to the human's mental processes involved in perceiving, understanding, and making
decisions about the machine's actions or the environment.
2. Sensors: Humans use their senses (such as sight, touch, hearing) to perceive the machine's outputs and the
environment.
3. Actuators: Humans use their body parts (like hands and fingers) to perform actions, such as pressing buttons,
moving a mouse, or touching a screen, to interact with the machine.
Machine Side
4. Processing: The machine processes the inputs received from the human (via its sensors) and determines the
appropriate actions to take. This involves computation and decision-making algorithms.
5. Actuators & Displays: The machine uses actuators to perform physical actions and displays to present information
to the human. Actuators could control robotic arms, motors, or other mechanical parts, while displays present
visual feedback through screens, lights, or other output devices.
6. Sensors: The machine has sensors that detect inputs from the human or the environment. These inputs can
include touch, movement, sound, or other sensory data.
Interaction Loop
• From Human to Machine: The human perceives information through their sensors (such as eyes and ears) and
uses actuators (like hands) to send input to the machine. For example, pressing a button or moving a joystick.
• From Machine to Human: The machine processes the input using its processing unit and responds through its
actuators and displays. For example, a robotic arm moves, or a screen displays new information.
• Continuous Cycle: This creates a continuous interaction loop where the human and machine continuously
HMI is all about how people and
automated systems interact and
communicate with each other.

That has long ceased to be confined to

just traditional machines in industry and
now also relates to computers, digital
systems or devices for the Internet of
Things (IoT).

More and more devices are connected

and automatically carry out tasks.

Operating all of these machines,

systems and devices needs to be
intuitive.
Human Machines Interaction – Advantages
• Improved productivity

• Satisfaction / Pursuit of happiness

• Enhance data saving / recording

• Internet of Things

• Data translation

• Reduce the cost of hardware

Improved Productivity
Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) significantly enhances productivity by automating
repetitive tasks and enabling machines to operate with high precision and speed. This allows
human workers to focus on more complex and creative tasks, leading to faster and more
accurate outcomes in various fields such as manufacturing and data processing.

Satisfaction / Pursuit of Happiness

HMI improves user satisfaction by providing intuitive and user-friendly interfaces that
reduce frustration and enhance the overall experience. Customizable features allow
machines to adapt to individual preferences, contributing to a sense of well-being and
increased happiness.

Enhanced Data Saving / Recording

HMI systems efficiently store vast amounts of data, ensuring important information is
preserved and easily accessible. Automated data entry minimizes human errors, resulting in
more accurate and reliable data, which is crucial for informed decision-making.
Internet of Things (IoT)
By enabling seamless communication between devices and systems, HMI systems facilitate
connectivity through the Internet of Things (IoT). This connectivity allows for real-time
monitoring, control, and optimization of processes, leading to smarter and more efficient
systems.

Data Translation
HMI aids in the translation of complex data into understandable formats, making it easier for
users to interpret and act upon information. Advanced visualization tools help users identify
trends, patterns, and insights, improving decision-making processes.

Reduced Cost of Hardware

HMI technologies reduce the cost of hardware by optimizing the use of existing resources and
improving process efficiency. Predictive maintenance features in HMI-equipped machines
decrease downtime and associated costs, leading to overall savings in hardware expenditure.
 Human Machines Interaction – Disadvantages
Complexity and Cost

Implementing Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) systems can be complex and expensive.

Developing, integrating, and maintaining advanced HMI technologies require significant investment

in hardware, software, and training, which can be prohibitive for some organizations.

Security Risks

HMI systems, especially those connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), are vulnerable to cyber-

attacks. Unauthorized access to these systems can lead to data breaches, operational disruptions, and

compromised safety, necessitating robust cybersecurity measures.

Dependence on Technology

Over-reliance on HMI can lead to reduced human skills and capabilities. As machines take over more tasks,
there is a risk that users may become too dependent on technology, potentially losing the ability to perform
certain tasks manually or think critically without technological assistance.

Usability Issues

Not all HMI systems are user-friendly. Poorly designed interfaces can lead to user frustration, decreased
productivity, and errors. Ensuring that HMI systems are intuitive and meet the needs of diverse users is a
significant design challenge.

Maintenance and Downtime

HMI systems require regular maintenance to function correctly. Hardware failures or software issues can lead
to downtime, disrupting operations and incurring additional costs for repairs and maintenance.
Privacy Concerns
The data collected by HMI systems can raise privacy concerns. Sensitive user data may
be collected and stored, leading to potential misuse or unauthorized access if not
properly secured, which can erode user trust and raise ethical issues.

Limited Flexibility
Some HMI systems may lack the flexibility to adapt to new tasks or environments.
Rigid systems can be a drawback in dynamic settings where adaptability is crucial,
potentially limiting the effectiveness and applicability of HMI solutions.
Future trends in emerging technologies
• 5G Technology- A Boon For Businesses in 2021

• Autonomous Driving- An Easy, Safe Driverless Drive

• Edge computing- Bridging the Gap Between Data Storage and Computation

• Democratization- A Democracy in Technology

• Human Augmentation- Enhancing Cognitive Abilities

• Distributed Cloud- Connecting Operations to Cloud Services

5G Technology: A Boon for Businesses in 2021
The rollout of 5G technology is set to revolutionize businesses by providing faster data
speeds, lower inactivity, and enhanced connectivity. This will enable more efficient
operations, support the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), and facilitate innovations in
various sectors, from manufacturing to healthcare.

Autonomous Driving: An Easy, Safe Driverless Drive

Autonomous driving technology promises safer and more convenient transportation by
reducing human error and enhancing mobility. With advancements in AI and sensor
technology, driverless cars are becoming a reality, offering significant benefits such as
reduced accidents, efficient traffic management, and improved accessibility.

Edge Computing: Bridging the Gap Between Data Storage and Computation
Edge computing is transforming the way data is processed and stored by bringing
computation closer to the data source. This reduces latency, enhances real-time data
processing, and alleviates the load on central servers, making it ideal for applications in IoT,
autonomous systems, and smart cities.
Democratization: A Democracy in Technology
The democratization of technology refers to making innovative technologies more accessible
to a wider audience. This trend is driven by the proliferation of user-friendly tools and
platforms that enable individuals and small businesses to leverage technologies like AI, data
analytics, and software development, fostering innovation and inclusivity.

Human Augmentation: Enhancing Cognitive Abilities

Human augmentation technologies aim to enhance human capabilities, both physically and
cognitively. Innovations such as wearable devices, brain-computer interfaces, and
exoskeletons(Exoskeletons are wearable devices that enhance the physical capabilities of the
wearer) are augmenting human abilities, improving productivity, and offering new ways to
interact with the world, particularly in healthcare, manufacturing, and personal
development.

Distributed Cloud: Connecting Operations to Cloud Services

The distributed cloud model decentralizes cloud services, bringing them closer to the end-
user. This approach offers the benefits of cloud computing while addressing issues related to
latency, regulatory compliance, and data control. It enables businesses to deploy applications
• DARQ- An Asset for Hiring and Training

• Personal Profiling- Enhancing Adaptation to Latest Technologies

• AI Products- For the Ease of Life

• Data-Driven Policing- Countering Data Breaches and Cyber-Attacks

• Momentary Markets- For the Transformation of Customer Analytics and

Advertising

• Automation- For Advancements in Analytics

DARQ: An Asset for Hiring and Training
DARQ technologies (Distributed ledger technology, Artificial intelligence, extended Reality,
and Quantum computing) are transforming hiring and training processes. These
technologies can enhance recruitment by providing advanced candidate profiling,
predictive analytics for hiring decisions, and immersive training programs that improve skill
acquisition and retention.

Personal Profiling: Enhancing Adaptation to Latest Technologies

Personal profiling leverages AI and data analytics to create detailed profiles of individuals,
helping to tailor technology solutions to their specific needs and preferences. This
enhances user adaptation to new technologies by providing personalized experiences,
improving user engagement, and ensuring that technology meets individual requirements.
AI Products: For the Ease of Life
AI products are designed to simplify and enhance everyday life by automating routine
tasks, providing intelligent assistance, and enabling smart decision-making. From virtual
assistants to AI-powered home devices, these products improve convenience, efficiency,
and overall quality of life by anticipating user needs and delivering personalized
services.

Data-Driven Policing: Countering Data Breaches and Cyber-Attacks

Data-driven policing utilizes advanced analytics and big data to enhance law
enforcement capabilities. By analyzing vast amounts of data, police can predict and
prevent criminal activities, respond more effectively to incidents, and counter cyber-
attacks. This approach also helps in identifying and mitigating data breaches, ensuring
public safety and data security.
Momentary Markets: For the Transformation of Customer Analytics
and Advertising
Momentary markets capitalize on real-time data to transform customer analytics and
advertising. By understanding and predicting consumer behavior in the moment,
businesses can deliver highly targeted and personalized marketing campaigns. This
dynamic approach enhances customer engagement, increases conversion rates, and
provides valuable insights into consumer preferences.

Automation: For Advancements in Analytics

Automation is driving advancements in analytics by streamlining data collection,
processing, and analysis. Automated systems can handle large volumes of data quickly
and accurately, enabling more sophisticated and real-time analytics. This enhances
decision-making, optimizes operations, and supports innovation across various industries
by providing deeper insights and reducing the time required for analysis.
 Role play for User Interface

Scenario: Introducing "SmartAid" - Your AI Personal Assistant

Roles

• Student A (User)

• Student B (AI Personal Assistant)

• Student C (Observer)

• Student D (Observer)

Welcome everyone! Today, we're going to role play using an AI personal assistant called
'SmartAid.’

The goal is to understand how a user interacts with an AI system, how the AI processes
requests, and how it provides responses. Let's begin!“
 Role play for User Interface

Student A (User): "Hi SmartAid, I need your help with a few tasks today.“

Student B (AI Personal Assistant): "Hello! I am SmartAid, your personal assistant. How can I
assist you today?“.

Student A (User): "Firstly, can you set a reminder for my doctor's appointment tomorrow at 10
AM?“.

Student B (AI Personal Assistant): "Sure! Setting a reminder for your doctor's appointment
tomorrow at 10 AM. Is there anything else I can do for you?“.

Student A (User): "Yes, can you also tell me the weather forecast for tomorrow?“.
Student B (AI Personal Assistant): "One moment please... The weather forecast for
tomorrow is sunny with a high of 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Would you like to know the
weather for a specific time tomorrow?“.

Student A (User): "No, that’s all I needed. Can you also play my favourite playlist?“

Student B (AI Personal Assistant): "Playing your favourite playlist now. Enjoy the music!
Is there anything else I can assist you with?“.

Student A (User): "That's all for now, thank you.“

Student B (AI Personal Assistant): "You're welcome! Have a great day!"

 Observations
• It has been noticed that the AI was very polite and responded promptly to all requests.

• It was able to handle multiple tasks, including setting reminders, providing weather updates,
and playing music."

• AI asked for clarification, when necessary, like when it asked if the user wanted the weather
for a specific time. This makes the interaction more efficient and user-friendly."

This role play helped us understand how a user-friendly AI interface should operate. The AI
should be responsive, polite, capable of handling multiple tasks, and able to ask for clarifications
when needed!"

This role play helps to experience firsthand how a user interface for AI should function, focusing
on usability, responsiveness, and effective communication