Supreme Institute of Management and

Technology
Name : Mahtab Alam
Ansari
Stream :
BCA
Semester :
01
Year :
01
Subject name : Programming for problem
solving through C

Subject code :-
BCAC102
PPT topic :- C
programming
CHAPTER- CHAPTER- CHAPTER-
01 of
“Overview 02
“Constants,Varaibl
es & Data Types”
03
“Operators
an
C”
Expressions
”

CHAPTER- CHAPTER- CHAPTER-

“Managing Input “Decision-Making “Decision-Making
04
and Output
05
and Branching”
06
and looping”
Operators”

CHAPTER-
07
“Arrays
”
CHAPTER-
01
“Overview of
C”
 Overvie
• Introduction w
• History of C
• Importance of C
• Sample C programs
• Basic structures of C programs
• Programming style
• Executing a C program
INTRODUCTIO
N
C programming language is known for its simplicity and efficiency. It is
the best choice to start with programming as it gives you a foundational
understanding of programming.
 History of
C
• Created in 1972: Developed by Dennis Ritchie at
Bell Labs to improve upon the B language for
system programming.

• Structured Programming: C introduced concepts

like functions, loops, and conditionals that
promoted modular and efficient coding.

Dennis
• Foundation for Other Languages: C influenced and Ritchie
became the basis for languages like C++, Java,
and many others.
 Importance
of CC is the base for many modern
• Foundation for Other Languages:
languages like C++, Java, and Python.

• System-Level Programming: Used for developing operating

systems, drivers, and embedded systems.

• Efficiency: Highly efficient, fast, and provides direct

access to memory.

• Portability: C code is portable across different platforms

with minimal modification.

• Large Community Support: Extensive libraries and

frameworks for faster development.
 Sample C
Hello World
Program:
Programs
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello,
World!");
return 0;
}

Basic Addition
Program: #include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 5, b = 3;
printf("Sum: %d", a
+ b);
return 0;
}
 Basic Structures of C
Programs
• Preprocessor Directives :
#include<stdio.h>
• Main Function : int
main() { }
• Variable Declaration : int
a, b;
• Logic : Statements to perform
operations.
• Return Statement : return 0; to indicate program
completion.
 Programming Style
Indentation and in
ProperC
indentation improves
Readability : readability.
Example int main() {
: int num =
10;
printf("%d",
num);
}
Meaningful Variable Names: Use descriptive names (e.g., totalMarks
instead of t).
Consistent Bracing Style: Keep braces {} aligned for
better clarity.
 Executing a C
Steps to Program
Execute :
1. Write the Code: Write .c file in a text
editor.
2. Compile: Use a compiler like GCC (gcc
program.c).
3. Link: The linker resolves references
between files.
4. Execute: Run the compiled program
(./a.out).

Error Handling: Fix compilation errors before

execution.
 CHAPTER-
02
“Constants,Varaibles & Data
Types”
 Overvie
w
• Introduction • Variables
• Character Set in C • Data Types
• C Tokens • Declaration of Variables
• Keywords and Identifiers • Assigning Values to Variables
• Constants • Defining Symbolic Constants
INTRODUCTIO
N
Like any other language, C has its own vocabulary and grammar. In this
chapter , we will discuss the concepts of constants and variables and
their types.
 Character Set
Definition: Character set includesin C
letters, digits, special symbols, and
spaces used in C.
Categorie
s:
• Alphabets : A-Z,
• Digits :a-z.
0-
9. Symbols : $, %, *, @,
• Special
etc. : Space,
• White Spaces
newline, tab.

Example char letter =

: 'A';
 C
Tokens
Definition: Smallest individual units in a C
program.
Types
:
• Keywords : Predefined words (e.g., int,
return).
• Identifiers : User-defined names (e.g.,
sum, num).
• Constants : Fixed values (e.g., 5,
3.14).
• Operators : Symbols that perform operations
(+, *, =).
Example int num =
: 5;
 Keywords and
Identifiers
• Keywords : Reserved words with special
meaning
• Identifiers: User-defined names for variables,
functions, etc.
• Rules
:
• Cannot start with a
digit.
• No special symbols except
underscore (_).

Example int
: age;
 Constant
Definition: Fixed values that do s
not change during
execution.
Types
:
• Integer Constants : Whole numbers (e.g.,
100, -45).
• Floating-Point Constants : Decimal numbers (e.g.,
3.14, -0.01).
• Character Constants : ingle characters enclosed in single quotes
(e.g., 'A', '5').

Example const float pi =

: 3.14;
 Variabl
eslocation that holds
• Definition : A named storage
a value.
• Identifiers: User-defined names for variables,
• Naming Rules functions, etc.
:
• Must begin with a letter or
underscore.
• No spaces or special
characters.
• Syntax int age =
: 25;

Example char grade =

: 'A';
 Data
• Definition : Specify theTypes
type of data a variable
can hold.
• Basic Types
: • int: Whole
numbers.
• float: Decimal
numbers.
• char: Single
characters.

Example int num = 10;

: float avg =
5.67;
 Declaration of
Variables
• Definition : Introducing a variable to the
program.
• Syntax data_type
: variable_name;
Example int age;
: float
salary;
char
grade;
• Multiple Declarations : int x,
y, z;
 Assigning Values to
Variables
• Definition : Assigning a specific value to a
variable

• Syntax variable_name =
: value;

Example
: int num = 10;
char letter =
'B';
 Defining Symbolic
• Definition : AConstants
name that represents a
constant value
• Syntax #define CONSTANT_NAME
: value

• Characteristic
s: • Cannot be
modified.
• Typically written in uppercase
letters.

Example #define PI
: 3.14159
CHAPTER-
03
“Operators and
Expressions”
 Overvie
• Introduction
w • Arithmetic expressions
• Arithmetic of Operators • Bitwise operators
• Relational operators • Evaluation of expressions
• Logical operators • Precedence of arithmetic
• Assignment operators operators
• Increment and decrement • Operator precedence and
operators associativity
• Conditional operator
INTRODUCTIO
N
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical, logical, or relational operations.
 Arithmetic
Operators
Definition: These operators perform basic mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

List of
Operators:
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus
[+] [-] [*] [/] [%]
#include #include #include #include #include
<stdio.h> <stdio.h> <stdio.h> <stdio.h> <stdio.h>
void main() void main() void main() void main() void main()
{ { { { {
int int
int int int
a=5,b=10,sub; a=5,b=10,mul;
a=2,b=3,sum; a=5,b=10,div; a=5,b=10,mod;
sub = a - b; mul = a * b;
sum = a + b; div = a / b; mod = a % b;
printf("The printf("The
printf("The sum printf("The printf("The
substraction of multiplication of
of %d and %d is division of %d modulus of %d
%d and %d is %d and %d is %d\
%d\n", a, b, and %d is %d\n", and %d is %d\n",
%d\n", a, b, sub); n", a, b, mul);
a, b, div); a, b, mod);
sum);
 Relational
Operators
Definition: These operators compare two values and return
true or false.

List of
Operators:
 Logical
Operators
Definition: These operators are used to combine multiple
conditions.

List of
Operators:
 Assignment
Operators
Definition: These operators
variables.
assign values to
 Increment and
Decrement Operators
Definition: These operators increase or decrease the value of a
variable by 1.
Increment operator Decrement operator
in C in C
 Conditional
Operators
Definition: A shorthand for if-else statements, also known as the
ternary operator.

Syntax condition ? value_if_true :

: value_if_false;

Exampl (5 > 3) ? "Yes" : "No" gives "Yes".

e:
 Arithmetic
Expressions
Definition: An expression involving arithmetic
operators.

Arithmetic Operators
In C
 Bitwise
Operators
Definition: These operators perform bit-level operations on
integers.
 Evaluation of
Expressions
Definition: The process by which an expression is simplified or
calculated.

Exampl 3 + 4 * 2 will be evaluated as 3 + (4

e: * 2) = 11.
 Precedence of
Arithmetic Operators
Definition: Operator precedence defines the order in which operators
are evaluated.
Exampl Multiplication and division have higher precedence than
e: addition and subtraction.

3 + 5 * 2 is evaluated as 3 +
(5 * 2).
 Operator Precedence and
Associativity
Definition: If two operators have the same precedence, associativity defines
the direction in which the expression is evaluated.

Example: 3 - 2 + 5 is
evaluated from left to right
because - and + are left-
associative
 CHAPTER-
04
“Managing Input and Output
Operators”
 Overvie
w
• Introduction
• Reading a Character
• Writing a Character
• Formatted input
• Formatted output
INTRODUCTIO
N
In C programming, input refers to taking data from the user or a file,
and output refers to displaying data to the screen or another device.

Input and output operations are essential for user interaction,

debugging, and file handling.
 Reading a
Character
Definition: Reading a single character from the user or
from a file.

Example
: char ch;
ch = getchar(); // Reads a character from
the user

Explanation: The getchar() function reads one character at a time

from the input buffer. This is useful when you want to capture and
handle characters individually.
 Writing a
Character
Definition: Writing or displaying a single character to the
output device.
Example
: #include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch = 'A';
printf("ch = %c\n",ch);
printf("ch = %d, hence an integer\
n",ch);
}

Explanation: The ("%c",ch); function writes a single character to the

console or another output device. It is the simplest form of output.
 Formatted
Definition: Input that is read inInput
a specific data format, like integers
or floating-point numbers.

Example
: int num;
scanf("%d", &num); // Reads an integer
value

Explanation: The scanf() function allows reading formatted data from

the user. In this example, %d is used to read an integer. The input is
stored in the variable num.
 Formatted
Definition: Outputting data Output
in a specific format to make it more
readable and structured.

Example
: int num = 5;
printf("The number is: %d", num); //
Outputs: The number is: 5

Explanation: The scanf() function allows reading formatted data from

the user. In this example, %d is used to read an integer. The input is
stored in the variable num.
 CHAPTER-
05
“Decision-Making and
Branching”
Overview

• Introduction • The ELSE IF ladder

• Decision making with IF • The switch statement
statement • The ? : Operator
• Simple IF statement • The GOTO statement
• The IF.....ELSE statement
• Nesting of IF.....ELSE
statements
INTRODUCTIO
N
Decision-making structures control the flow of execution in a program
based on conditions.

Explanation: They help in executing certain parts of code depending on

whether the conditions are true or false.
 Decision Making with IF
Statement
Definition: The IF statement executes a block of code only if the
condition is true.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

if (condition) {
if (age > 18) {
// code to be executed if
printf("You are an adult.");
condition is true
}
}
 Simple IF
Statement
Definition: A simple if statement checks a single
condition.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

if (condition) if (x > 10) {

{ printf("x is greater than
// code 10.");
} }
 The IF ELSE
Statement
Definition: The IF ELSE statement executes one block of code if the
condition is true, and another block if false.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

if (condition) { if (age >= 18) {

// code if condition is printf("Adult");
true } else {
} else { printf("Not an adult");
// code if condition is }
false
}
 Nesting of IF...ELSE
Statements
Definition: Using one IF or ELSE IF statement inside
another.

Synta Exampl
x: e:
if (condition1) { if (x > 0) {
if (condition2) { if (x < 100) {
// code if both printf("x is between 1
condition1 and condition2 and 99");
are true }
} }
}
 The ELSE IF
Ladder
Definition: Multiple conditions are checked using ELSE IF, where
the first true condition's block is executed.

Synta Exampl
x: e:
if (condition1) { if (score > 90) {
// code if condition1 is true printf("Grade A");
} else if (condition2) { } else if (score > 75) {
// code if condition2 is true printf("Grade B");
} else { } else {
// code if all conditions are printf("Grade C");
false }
}
 The Switch
Statement
Definition: The switch statement allows selecting one of many blocks
of code to execute.
Synta Exampl
x: e:
switch (expression) {
switch (day) {
case constant1:
case 1:
// code for case 1
printf("Monday");
break;
break;
case constant2:
case 2:
// code for case 2
printf("Tuesday");
break;
break;
default:
default:
// code if none of the
printf("Invalid day");
cases match
}
}
 The ?:
Operator
Definition: Also known as the conditional or ternary operator, it’s a
shorthand for the IF ELSE statement.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

condition ? expression_if_true : int result = (a > b) ?

expression_if_false; a : b;
 The GOTO
Statement
Definition: Directs the program to jump to a labeled part of
the code.

Synta Exampl
x: e:
if (x < 0) {
goto label;
goto error;
...
}
label:
error:
// code to be
printf("Error:
executed
Negative
number");
 CHAPTER-
06
“Decision-Making and
Looping”
Overview

• Introduction
• The WHILE statement
• The DO statement
• The FOR statement
• Jumps in LOOPS
INTRODUCTIO
N
Looping structures allow repeating a set of instructions until a
condition is met.

Explanation: These structures help in performing repetitive tasks

efficiently, reducing code redundancy.
 The DO
Statement
Definition: The DO WHILE loop executes a block of code once, then
repeats it as long as the condition is true.

Synta Exampl
x: e:
int i = 0;
do {
do {
// code to
be executed
printf("%d",
} while
i);
(condition);
i++;
} while (i <
5);
 The FOR
Statement
Definition: The FOR loop repeats a block of code a specific
number of times.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

for (initialization; condition; for (int i = 0; i < 5;

increment) { i++) {
// code to be executed printf("%d", i);
} }
 Jumps in
Loops
Definition: Jump statements like break and continue alter the
flow of loops
Break: Exits the loop
immediately.
Continue: Skips the current iteration and moves to
the next.
Syntax for Syntax for Exampl
Break: Continue: e:
for (int i = 0;
i < 5; i++) {
if (i == 3)
if (condition) if (condition)
{
{ {
break;
break; continue;
}
} }

printf("%d",
i);
CHAPTER-
07
“Arrays
”
Overview

• Introduction
• One-dimensional arrays
• Two-dimensional arrays
• Initializing two-dimensional
arrays
• Multidimensional arrays
INTRODUCTIO
N
An array is a collection of variables that are stored in contiguous
memory locations. All elements in an array must be of the same data
type.
 Arra
y
Synta Exampl
x: e:
int numbers[5]; // Declares
dataType
an array of 5 integers
arrayName[arraySize];

Explanation: Arrays allow you to store multiple values of the same

type, which can be accessed by their index.
 One-Dimensional
Definition: A one-dimensional Arrays
array is a list of elements of the
same type.
Synta Exampl
x: e:

int scores[3] = {85, 90, 78}; //

dataType
An array holding 3 integer
arrayName[arraySize];
scores

Explanation: In a one-dimensional array, elements are accessed

using an index starting from 0.
 Declaration of
Arrays
Definition: Declaring an array specifies the type of elements and the
number of elements.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

data_type int
array_name[array_size]; numbers[5];

Explanatio • Memory is allocated for the

n: array.
• The array is indexed starting
• All values from 0.
are uninitialized (contain garbage
values until explicitly initialized).
 Two-Dimensional
Definition: A two-dimensional Arrays
array is an array of arrays, where data
is stored in a grid (rows and columns).

Synta Exampl
x: e:

dataType arrayName[rows] int matrix[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4,

[columns]; 5, 6}}; // 2 rows, 3 columns

Explanation: Two-dimensional arrays are used to store tables or

matrices of data.
 Initializing Two-Dimensional
Arrays
Definition: Two-dimensional arrays can be initialized during
declaration.

Synta Exampl
x: e:

dataType arrayName[rows]
[columns] = {{value1, value2}, int matrix[2][2] = {{1, 2},
{value3, value4}}; {3, 4}};

Explanation: You can initialize values directly when declaring

a 2D array.
 REFERRENC
ES
URL :-
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-programming-language/
Book :- Programming in ANSI C [2nd
edition]
By E. Balagurusamy
THANK
YOU
 ANY
QUESTIONS ?