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Chapter 7 Transmission Media

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25 views36 pages

Chapter 7 Transmission Media

Uploaded by

shoab
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

Transmission Media

7.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Guided and Unguided Media
 All types of communications need some kind of
medium.

 The information is encoded in a signal that is


carried through a medium.
 Quality depends on the characteristics of the
medium.

 Two main groups of transmission media,


namely the guided medium and the wireless
medium.
2
Guided and Unguided Media
 For the guided medium, there is a physical
path (such as a cable) for electromagnetic
wave propagation.

 For the wireless medium, the


electromagnetic wave is transmitted
through air, water, or vacuum (space).

 A wireless medium is also called an


unguided medium.
Wireless Network Features
 Wireless networks are treated as having
more vulnerabilities than wired networks
because of their
 shared nature
 naturally broadcasted states
 unclear perimeters
 invisible access

4
What other “Wireless”?
 4G Wireless Networks

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation
of cell phone mobile communications standards. It is
a successor of the third generation (3G) standards.

4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet
access, for example to laptops with USB wireless
modems, to smartphones, & to other mobile
devices.

Conceivable applications include amended mobile
web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-
definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D
television.
Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer

7.6
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

7.7
7-1 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit


from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

7.8
Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

7.9
Figure 7.4 UTP and STP cables

7.10
Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

7.11
Figure 7.5 UTP connector

7.12
Figure 7.6 UTP performance

7.13
Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable

7.14
Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables

7.15
Figure 7.8 BNC connectors

7.16
Figure 7.9 Coaxial cable performance

7.17
Figure 7.10 Fiber optics: Bending of light ray

7.18
Figure 7.11 Optical fiber

• The working principle of optical fiber is total internal reflection.


• Optical fiber has generally two layers. Core and Cladding.
• Core: the light transmission area of the fiber.
• Cladding: The function of the cladding is to provide a lower
refractive index at the core interface.

7.19
Figure 7.12 Propagation modes

7.20
Figure 7.13 Modes

7.21
Table 7.3 Fiber types

7.22
Figure 7.14 Fiber construction

7.23
Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors

7.24
Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance

7.25
7-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves


without using a physical conductor. This type of
communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.

Topics discussed in this section:


Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared

7.26
Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

7.27
Figure 7.18 Propagation methods

7.28
Table 7.4 Bands

7.29
Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves

7.30
Note

Radio waves are used for multicast


communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems. They
can penetrate through walls.
Highly regulated. Use omni directional
antennas

7.31
Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antenna

7.32
Note

Microwaves are used for unicast


communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot
penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point
line of sight communications.
7.33
Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas

7.34
Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-


range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.

7.35
Wireless Channels
 Are subject to a lot more errors than
guided media channels.
 Interference is one cause for errors, can
be circumvented with high SNR.
 The higher the SNR the less capacity is
available for transmission due to the
broadcast nature of the channel.
 Channel also subject to fading and no
coverage holes.

7.36

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