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OOP Lec3

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13 views20 pages

OOP Lec3

Uploaded by

ibnzafar0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Oriented Programming (CS-409)

17-10-2024
Topics covered

 Constructors
 Destructors
 Pointers
Constructors
• A special type of function in programming that is used to create objects.
• Set the initial values or properties of an object when it is created.
• Constructor is called by the compiler whenever the object of the class is created.
• Like functions, a constructor can take arguments that can aid in the initialization.
• Can’t be used to return something like in ordinary functions.
• Mostly, it is accessed publicly.
• Constructors often have the same name as the declaring class.
Constructors
• Used to give an objects some basic functionalities, common to all class object
instances.
• Somewhat similar, to function but used only when new object is "born“.
• It allocates the memory to the object and initializes class data members by
default values or values passed by the user while creating an object.
• There can be many constructors in a class.
• It can be overloaded.
• They are not inherited but called in the child class from the parent class.
Constructors
Methods of defining constructors

::
Scope resolution operator,
represent the relatedness
Output:
Constructors
The four generic types of the constructors.
1. A constructor which does not receive any parameters is called a Default
Constructor or a Zero Argument Constructor.
2. A Parameterized Constructor, can accept one or more arguments.
3. A Copy constructor is used to create a copy of an already existing object of
another class.
4. When the allocation of memory is done dynamically using a dynamic memory
allocator in a new constructor, it is known as a Dynamic constructor.
Destructors
• A Destructor is a member function that is instantaneously called whenever an object is
destroyed.
• The destructor has the same name as the class name, but the name is preceded by a

tilde(~).
• A destructor has no return type and receives no parameters.
• Deallocates memory occupied by the object when it’s deleted.
• A destructor cannot be overloaded and inherited.
• It is called automatically whenever the program terminates.
Destructors

• There is always a single destructor for each class that does not accept any parameters.
• A destructor is based on LIFO.
• The deallocation of memory and destruction is always carried out in the reverse order
of allocation and construction.
• Can be written anywhere in the class definition, but best practise is to define at the end
of the class definition.
• If you don’t create a destructor, compiler creates one for you with empty body.
Destructors

Output:
Pointers

• Every variable, we declare in our program has an associated location


in the memory, which we call the memory address of the variable.
• The & (reference) operator, returns the address that a variable
occupies.
• If x is a variable, &x returns the address of the variable.
Pointers
• A pointer refers to a variable that holds the address of another
variable.
• Whose value refers directly to or "points to" another value stored
elsewhere in the computer memory using its address.
• A pointer is a symbolic representation of a memory address.
• Like regular variables, pointers have a data type.
Pointers
• The * symbol is used to declare a pointer termed as
pointer operator or “value at address” operator.
• The * also known as the dereference operator,
indicates that the variable is a pointer. It is essential
when declaring a pointer.
• Declaration for pointer
data_type *pointer_name;
Pointers

• Symbols used in pointers:

• & (Ampersand sign)


Address operator. Determine the address of a variable.

• ∗ (Asterisk sign)
Indirection operator. Access the value of an address.
Pointers

Declaration of the pointer

Initialization of the pointer


Pointers
Output:
Pointers

• The memory address is always a hexadecimal value.


• The data type of the pointer must be same as of the variable it points to.
• *ptr shows the value of the variable it points to.
• ptr shows the address of the variable it points to.
• A pointer variable can be used to store the address of another pointer variable.
• Any function could be performed at the variables using pointers.
Pointers
Output:
Pointers

• Write a function that has three character variable containing the names of your
friends. Make pointer variable of these variables to check their memory allocation.

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