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OOP Lec2

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8 views18 pages

OOP Lec2

Uploaded by

ibnzafar0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Object Oriented Programming (CS-409)

10-10-2024
Topics covered

 Data encapsulation
 Constructors
Object and Class

• An Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behavior.


• An Object is an instance of a Class.
• Class, the building block of Object-Oriented programming.
• It is basically a collection of objects.
• It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data members and member
functions.
• When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated memory is
allocated.
Object and Class
Object and Class
Methods to
manipulate these
variables together
Data
variables
or
attributes

Together they define the properties and behavior of the objects in a Class.
Data Encapsulation
• The wrapping up of data and information in a single unit.
• Bundling the data members and its related functions togather into a single
entity, is known as encapsulation.
• Similar to packing data and functions together into a "box," which we call a
class, and controlling who can open the box and how they can interact with it.
• Encapsulation hides the complex details of how something works and gives you
an easy way to interact with it.
Data Encapsulation
• Encapsulation ensures that only member functions of a class can access its data, which
results in data hiding.
• The member functions of the encapsulated class must only use member variables.
• Aimed to treat the class as a unique entity as well as hiding complex data using access
modifiers.
• Improves readability, maintainability, and security.

Public Private
Access modifiers
• Work on the principle of “data hiding”.
• Used to impose certain restrictions on the members of class.
• Limit the accessibility of the class members thus, it is not fesiable to directly
access them from the outside functions.
• Three generic types of access modifiers are;
i. Public
ii. Private
iii. Protected
Getter, Setter methods
Encapsulation conceals the inner workings of a class and one can interact with it through
methods provided by the class.
The data is hidden, but others can interact with it using these special methods.
1. Getter Method:
A way for others to look at your data, but not change it. "View-only" access.

2. Setter Method:
A controlled way to change the data. It often comes with checks to make sure only valid changes are
made.
Data Encapsulation
Constructors
• A special type of function in programming that is used to create objects.
• Set the initial values or properties of an object when it is created.
• Constructor is called by the compiler whenever the object of the class is created.
• Like functions, a constructor can take arguments that can aid in the initialization.
• It differs from a method in that it has no explicit return type, it is not inherited and
has different rules for scope modifiers.
• They are mostly accessed publically.
• Constructors often have the same name as the declaring class.
Constructors

• Enables an object to initialize itself at the time of its creation without the need
to make a separate call to the instance method.
• Just like functions, constructors can also be defined outside the class.
• Provides several benefits w.r.t code organization, memory management, and
initialization.
• Enforce encapsulation by setting the data members of the class to private and
providing public constructors to create and initialize the object.
Constructors
Methods of defining constructors:
Constructors
Constructors
Output:
Types of Constructors
• Has four generic types.
1. Default constructor:
A default constructor doesn’t take any
argument. It has no parameters. It is also
called a zero-argument constructor.

2. Parameterized constructor:
Parameterized constructors make it
possible to pass arguments to constructors.
These arguments help initialize an object
when it is created.
Types of Constructors
3. Copy Constructor:
A copy constructor initializes an object
using another object of the same class. Takes
a reference to an object of the same class as
an argument.

4. Move Constructor:
Like a copy constructor, but instead of
copying the object in the new memory, it
transfer the ownership of the already created
object to the new object without creating
extra copies.

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