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Filters

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15 views36 pages

Filters

Uploaded by

Mohamed Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is a Filter

A filter is an electronic circuit that has the ability to pass or amplify

a certain range of frequencies and block or attenuate other

frequencies. They are used for filtering specific frequencies from a

signal. Filters are used in signal processing such as removal of

noise from a signal and extraction of a message from a signal


What is Active Filter?
Active filter is a type of filter that is designed using
active components such as op-amp and transistor. They are used
in combination with resistor and capacitor but not inductor.
However, their design is complex as compared to passive filters.
What is Passive Filter?
• Passive filter only uses passive components such
as resistors, capacitors and inductors, etc. it has
a very simple design and is very cheap. This filter
does not require an external power source to
operate and that is why they do not provide any
power gain. However, they do use an inductor
that makes them able to withstand high current
Low pass filter
• A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower
than a selected cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with higher
frequencies
• Low pass filters are used to filter noise from a circuit. 'Noise' is a high
frequency signal. When passed through a low pass filter most of the
noise is removed and a clear sound is produced
Low pass filter
Ideal case
Practically
Cut Off frequency
Phase Shift
R-L low pass filter
Active low pass filter
• Advantages of active filter over passive filter :-
• In passive filters output voltage is less than input voltage
• In passive filters cut off frequency depends on load Resistance.
Gain and Cut off frequency
High pass filter
First order passive high pass
High pass filter :
filter
Filters that blocks any low frequency signal & allow high frequency
signal .
It blocks frequency less than a selected frequency
(cutoff frequency)
Passive high pass filter
• It is made up of only passive components such as
resistor , capacitor and inductor .
• Output amplitude signal is always equal to or less
than the input signal
• First order filter Contain only one reactive component
• Frequency response
• Cutoff frequency
• Stop band
• Pass band
• Bandwidth of the filter
• Gain of filter
• Gain at fc
• Roll of Rate
• It is the rate of change in steepness of the curve in the stop band
• It depends on the order of the filter
• 20n dB / decade
• Xc=1/(2pifc)
• fc=1/2piRc
• XL=2pifl
• Fc=R/2piL
First order active high pass filter
• Benefit of active filter
• It has an amplification factor which increases the amplitude of small
signal
• It has very high input impedance
• Yhe output impedance is vvery low ,which is perfect for efficient
signal transfer especially if used in multistage filters
Voltage follower or unity
gain
• A=1
• Buffer
• Used between
The stages of a
Multistage amplifier
To maintain efficient signal transfer
Couses (high Zin & low Zo)
With amplification
• Gain at fc =

• For example : gain of filter is 7dB then the cut off


frequency gain is 7-3=4dB
Second order –low pass filter
This circuit is called sallen-key
Operational amplifier as a buffer
No gain
This circuit is called
VCVS

This second order low pass filter circuit has two RC


networks, R1 – C1 and R2 – C2 which give the filter its
frequency response properties. The filter design is based
around a non-inverting op-amp configuration so the filters
gain, A will always be greater than 1. Also the op-amp has a
high input impedance
Quality factor
Second Order High-Pass
Filter
The first order filters can be easily
converted into second order filters
simply by using an additional RC
network within the input or
feedback path. Then we can define
second order filters as simply being
two 1st-order filters cascaded
together with amplification circuit.
2nd order active filtering has two main
advantages:

1- High impedance input, low impedance


output

2- greater attenuation at high range


(-40dB/decade as opposed to -20dB/decade
for RC filter)
In a second order high-pass filter. At low
frequencies the capacitors appear open,
and the voltage gain approaches 0. At
high frequencies the capacitors appear
shorted, and the circuit becomes a
voltage follower
frequency response
Higher -order high pass active filters,
such as third, fourth, fifth, etc are
formed simply by cascading together
first and second-order filters. For
example, a third order high pass filter is
formed by cascading in series first and
second order filters, a fourth-order high
pass filter by cascading two second-
order filters together and so on.

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