CHAPTER 7

Recent
Technologies

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Wireless technologies
Wireless Technology
overview
The IEEE 802.11 WLAN
Standards

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Wireless Networks?
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local
area network that uses radio (electro
magnetic) waves as its carrier.
The last link with the users is wireless, to
give a network connection to all users in a
building or campus.
The backbone network usually uses cables

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Common Topologies
The wireless LAN connects to a wired
LAN
There is a need of an access point that
bridges wireless LAN traffic into the wired
LAN.
The access point (AP) can also act as a
repeater for wireless nodes, effectively
doubling the maximum possible distance
between nodes.

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 Common Topologies
Complete Wireless Networks
• The physical size of the network is
determined by the maximum reliable
propagation range of the radio signals.
• Referred to as ad hoc networks
• Are self-organizing networks
without any centralized control
• Suited for temporary situations such as
meetings and conferences.
How do wireless LANs work?
• Wireless LANs operate in almost the same
way as wired LANs, using the same
networking protocols and supporting the
most of the same applications.
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 How are WLANs Different?
They use specialized physical and data
link protocols
They integrate into existing networks
through access points which provide a
bridging function
They let you stay connected as you roam
from one coverage area to another
They have unique security considerations
They have specific interoperability
requirements
They require different hardware
They offer performance that differs from
wired LANs.

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 Physical and Data Link Layers
Physical Layer:
The wireless NIC takes frames of data from
the link layer, scrambles the data in a
predetermined way, then uses the modified
data stream to modulate a radio carrier
signal.
Data Link Layer:
Uses Carriers-Sense-Multiple-Access with
Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).

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 Integration With Existing Networks
 Wireless Access Points (APs) - a small device that
bridges wireless traffic to your network.
 Most access points bridge wireless LANs into Ethernet
networks, but Token-Ring options are available as well.

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 Roaming
Users maintain a continuous connection as
they roam from one physical area to another
Mobile nodes automatically register with the
new access point.
Methods: DHCP, Mobile IP
IEEE 802.11 standard does not
address roaming, you may need
to purchase equipment from one
vendor if your users need to roam
from one access point to another.

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 Interoperability
• Before the IEEE 802.11 interoperability was
based on cooperation between vendors.
• IEEE 802.11 only standardizes the physical
and medium access control layers.
• Vendors must still work with each other to
ensure their IEEE 802.11 implementations
interoperate
• Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
(WECA) introduces the Wi-Fi Certification to
ensure cross-vendor interoperability of
802.11b solutions
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Performance
802.11a offers speeds with a theoretically
maximum rate of 54Mbps in the 5 GHz band
802.11b offers speeds with a theoretically
maximum rate of 11Mbps in the 2.4 GHz
spectrum band
802.11g is a new standard for data rates of
up to a theoretical maximum of 54 Mbps at
2.4 GHz.

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What is 802.11?
A family of wireless LAN (WLAN) specifications
developed by a working group at the Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Defines standard for WLANs using the
following four technologies
◦Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
◦Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
◦Infrared (IR)
◦Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
Versions: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11e,
802.11f, 802.11i 12
802.11 - Transmission
Most wireless LAN products operate in
unlicensed radio bands
◦ 2.4 GHz is most popular
◦ Available in most parts of the world
◦ No need for user licensing
Most wireless LANs use spread-spectrum
radio
◦ Resistant to interference, secure
◦ Two popular methods
 Frequency Hopping (FH)
 Direct Sequence (DS)

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 Frequency Hopping Vs. Direct Sequence
• FH systems use a radio carrier that “hops” from
frequency to frequency in a pattern known to
both transmitter and receiver
– Easy to implement
– Resistance to noise
– Limited throughput (2-3 Mbps @ 2.4 GHz)
• DS systems use a carrier that remains fixed to a
specific frequency band. The data signal is
spread onto a much larger range of frequencies
(at a much lower power level) using a specific
encoding scheme.
– Much higher throughput than FH (11 Mbps)
– Better range
– Less resistant to noise (made up for by redundancy –
it transmits at least 10 fully redundant copies of the 14
original signal at the same time)
802.11a
Employs Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
◦Offers higher bandwidth than that of 802.11b,
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
◦802.11a MAC (Media Access Control) is same as
802.11b
Operates in the 5 GHz range

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 802.11a Advantages
Ultra-high spectrum efficiency
◦ 5 GHz band is 300 MHz (vs. 83.5 MHz @ 2.4 GHz)
◦ More data can travel over a smaller amount of
bandwidth
High speed
◦ Up to 54 Mbps
Less interference
◦ Fewer products using the frequency
 2.4 GHz band shared by cordless phones, microwave
ovens, Bluetooth, and WLANs

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 802.11a Disadvantages
Standards and Interoperability
◦ Standard not accepted worldwide
◦ No interoperability certification available
for 802.11a products
◦ Not compatible or interoperable with 802.11b
Legal issues
◦ License-free spectrum in 5 GHz band not
available worldwide
Market
◦ Beyond LAN-LAN bridging, there is limited interest
for
5 GHz adoption

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 802.11a Applications
Building-to-building connections
Video, audio conferencing/streaming video
and audio
Large file transfers, such as engineering CAD
drawings
Faster Web access and browsing
High worker density or high throughput
scenarios
◦ Numerous PCs running graphics-intensive
applications

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 802.11a Vs. 802.11b
802.11a vs. 802.11a 802.11b
802.11b

Raw data rates Up to 54 Mbps Up to 11 Mbps

(54, 48, 36, 24,18, (11, 5.5, 2, and
12 and 6 Mbps) 1 Mbps)

Range 50 Meters 100 Meters

Bandwidth UNII and ISM ISM (2.4000—

(5 GHz range) 2.4835 GHz range)

Modulation OFDM technology DSSS technology

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 802.11g
802.11g is a high-speed extension
to 802.11b
◦Compatible with 802.11b
◦High speed up to 54 Mbps
◦2.4 GHz (vs. 802.11a, 5 GHz)
◦Using ODFM for backward
compatibility
◦Adaptive Rate Shifting

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802.11g Advantages
Provideshigher speeds and higher capacity
requirements for applications
◦ Wireless Public Access
Compatible with existing 802.11b standard
Leverages Worldwide spectrum availability
in 2.4 GHz
Likely to be less costly than 5 GHz
alternatives
Provides easy migration for current users of
802.11b WLANs
◦ Delivers backward support for existing 802.11b
products
Provides path to even higher speeds in the
future
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802.11b Security Features
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) – A protocol
to protect link-level data during wireless
transmission between clients and access
points.
Services:
◦ Authentication: provides access control to the
network by denying access to client stations that
fail to authenticate properly.
◦ Confidentiality: intends to prevent information
compromise from casual eavesdropping
◦ Integrity: prevents messages from being modified
while in transit between the wireless client and the
access point.
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Authentication
Means:
Based on cryptography
Non-cryptographic
Both are identity-based verification
mechanisms (devices request access based
on the SSID – Service Set Identifier of the
wireless network).

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WLAN Migration – Cutting The Cord
Essential Questions
Choosing the Right Technology
Data Rates
Access Point Placement and Power
Antenna Selection and Placement
Connecting to the Wired LAN
The Site Survey

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Essential Questions
Why is the organization considering
wireless? Allows to clearly define
requirements of the WLAN -> development
plan
How many users require mobility?
What are the applications that will run over
the WLAN? Helps to determine bandwidth
requirements, a criteria to choose between
available technologies. Wireless is a shared
medium, not switched!!!

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 Choose the right technology
Usually IEEE 802.11b or 802.11a
802.11b offers interoperability (WECA Wi-Fi
Certification Program)
802.11a offers higher data rates (up to 54
mbps) -> higher throughput per user. Limited
interoperability.

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Data rates
Data rates affect range
802.11b: 1 to 11 Mbps in 4 increments
802.11a: 6 to 54 Mbps in 7 increments
The minimum data rate must be determined
at design time
Selecting only the highest data rate will
require a greater number of APs to cover a
specific area
Compromise between data rates and overall
system cost

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 Access Point Placement and Power

Typically – mounted at ceiling height.

Between 15 and 25 feet (4.5m to 8m)
The greater the height, the greater the
difficulty to get power to the unit.
 Solution: consider devices that can be
powered using CAT5 Ethernet cable (CISCO
Aironet 1200 Series).
Access points have internal or external
antennas

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 Antenna Selection and Placement
Permanently attached.
Remote antennas connected using an
antenna cable.
Coax cable used for RF has a high signal loss,
should not be mounted more than a 1 or 2
meters away from the device.
Placement: consider building construction,
ceiling height, obstacles, and aesthetics.
Different materials (cement, steel) have
different radio propagation characteristics.

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The Site Survey
Helps define the coverage areas, data rates,
the precise placement of access point.
Gather information: diagramming the
coverage area and measuring the signal
strength, SNR (signal to noise ratio), RF
interference levels

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 ATM
What is ATM ?
Principal Characteristics of ATM
ATM Networks and Interfaces
How Does ATM Work?

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 WHAT’S ATM?

• ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

• ATM is a network protocol developed in the
1990's to support broadband services on the
telecom network.
• ATM is a connection-oriented, high-speed,
low-delay switching and transmission
technology.
• ATM is a circuit switched protocol in that the
circuit is defined before information is
exchanged between end users.
• It uses short and fixed-size packets, called
cells, to transport information.
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WHAT’S ATM?(cont…)
ATM is an attempt to bridge the capabilities
of a circuit switched network with the
flexibility of a packet network.
ATM is originally the transfer mode for
implementing Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) but
it is also implemented in non-ISDN
environments where very high data rates are
required.

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 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
ATM is circuit switched because it
establishes virtual circuits for
communication
At the same time, the virtual circuits are
established over packet switched networks
As such, it combines the benefits of circuit
switched and packet switched technologies
 ATM Usage and Bandwidth
Intheory, ATM can be deployed from small
LANs to very large WANs
◦At present, it is used mostly on
backbones, but this may change in the
future with declining prices for ATM
equipment
ATM deployments can operate at speeds
starting in the Mbps range scaling up to Gbps
range
◦Speed wise, it is very scalable
 ATM’s Efficiency
Itis an asynchronous technology and it uses
the links based on the need for information to
be transmitted
ATM is based on fixed length cells and the
cells are small compared to many other forms
of transmission such as frame relay etc.
 ATM Cell Basics
ATM carries information based on fixed length
cells
◦Compare this to the other packet switching
technologies such as Frame Relay etc. where
each packet may be of a different length
The length of each cell is 53 Bytes
◦First 5 bytes are used as the cell header
◦Next 48 bytes are used as the payload carrying
the data
ATM Cell Format

5 Bytes 48 Bytes

Header Payload (Data)

 ATM Characteristics

• ATM operates in a connection-oriented mode.

• The header functionality is reduced.
• The information field length is relatively small
and fixed.
• International standard-based technology (for
interoperability)
• Low network latency (for voice, video, and real-
time applications)
• Low variance of delay (for voice and video
transmission)
• Guaranteed quality of service
• High capacity switching (multi-giga bits per
second)
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Characteristics (cont…)
Scalability (capacity may be increased on
demand)
Medium not shared for ATM LAN (no
degradation in performance as traffic load
or number of users increases)
Supports a wide range of user access
speeds
Appropriate (seamless integration) for
LANs, MANs, and WANs
Supports audio, video, imagery, and data
traffic (for integrated services)

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ATM NETWORKS
Public ATM Network:
◦Provided by public
telecommunications carriers (e.g.,
AT&T, MCI WorldCom, and Sprint)
◦Interconnects private ATM networks
◦Interconnects remote non-ATM LANs
◦Interconnects individual users

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ATM NETWORKS(cont…)
Private ATM Network:
◦Owned by private organizations
◦Interconnects low speed/shared
medium LANs (e.g., Ethernet, Token
Ring, FDDI) as a backbone network
◦Interconnects individual users as
the front-end LAN for high
performance or multimedia
applications

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ATM Networks

A private ATM Network and a Public ATM

network both can carry voice, video and data
traffic
Source: CISCO
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ATM Switches and Interfaces
• ATM switch supports two types of interfaces
– User-Network Interface (UNI)
• Connects an ATM end-point to a switch
– Network-Network Interface (NNI)
• Connects two ATM switches
Public and Private Interfaces
• UNI and NNI can further be divided to two
types
• One is known as the private type and the
other is known as the public type
ATM Interfaces(cont…)
Private and Public UNI
• Private UNI
– Connects an ATM end-point to a private ATM
switch
• Public UNI
– Connects an ATM end-point or a private ATM
switch to a public ATM switch
Private and Public NNI
• Private NNI
– Connects two ATM switches within the same
private organization
• Public NNI
– Connects two ATM switches within the same
public organization
ATM Interfaces(cont…)
A third Type of Interface
Known as Broadband Inter-Carrier
Interface (BICI)
◦ Connects two public switches from different
service providers

46
ATM Switches and Interfaces
• ATM interface specification differ for private and public
networks

47

Source: CISCO
 How ATM Works?
ATM is connection-oriented -- an end-to-end connection must
be established and routing tables setup prior to cell
transmission
Once a connection is established, the ATM network will
provide end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) to the end users
All traffic, whether voice, video, image, or data is divided
into 53-byte cells and routed in sequence across the ATM
network
Routing information is carried in the header of each cell
Routing decisions and switching are performed by hardware
in ATM switches
Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image, or data at the
destination
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 SONET

SONET (Synchronized Optical NETwork) systems are

the high-speed backbone system for the telecom
network.
SONET is a fiber optic system, but not all fiber optics
systems are SONET systems.
 A fiber optic system uses a quick pulse of light to
indicate the presence of a pulse or 1.
The lack of a pulse or space indicates a 0.

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SONET (cont…)
The speed of light is such that pulses of light at
extremely short time intervals can produce a
transmission system which is capable of
transmitting gigabits (billions of bits per second).
SONET usually provides backbone services for
the legacy telecom network.
Access to the telecom network is provided by
several access technologies such as T1 lines, T3
lines or xDSL.

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 Thank you
This is the end of
chapter
Any question please
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