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24 views21 pages

Data Communications - 2

Uploaded by

housam.shneib22
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Communication

Lecture 2

Data and Signals

Najia Bensaud
Spring 2023
Out Lines

• Analog and Digital


• Analog and Digital Data
• Analog and Digital Signal
• Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
• Analog Signals
• Periodic Analog Signal
• Sin Wave
• Composite Signals
• Time and Frequency Domains
• Periodic Signal
• Non-periodic Signal
• Bandwidth
Data and Signals

• One of the major functions of the physical layer is to move data in the form of
electromagnetic signals across a transmission medium.
• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.
Analog and Digital

• Both data and the signals that represent them can be either analog or digital in form.
Analog and Digital Data

• The term analog data refers to information that is continuous.


• The term digital data refers to information that has discrete states.
• Analog data, such as the sounds made by a human voice, take on continuous values. When
someone speaks, an analog wave is created in the air. This can be captured by a microphone
and converted to an analog signal or sampled and converted to a digital signal.
• Digital data take on discrete values. For example, data are stored in computer memory in
the form of 0s and 1s. They can be converted to a digital signal or modulated into an analog
signal for transmission across a medium.
• Data can be analog or digital. Analog data are continuous and take continuous values.
Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values.
Analog and Digital Signals

• Like the data they represent, signals can be either


analog or digital. An analog signal has infinitely
many levels of intensity over a period of time. As
the wave moves from value A to value B, it passes
through and includes an infinite number of values
along its path.
• A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only
a limited number of defined values. Although
each value can be any number, it is often as
simple as 1 and 0.
• Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals
can have an infinite number of values in a range;
digital signals can have only a limited number of
values.
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

• Both analog and digital signals can take one of two forms: periodic or
nonperiodic.
• A periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a
period, and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods.
• The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle.
• A nonperiodic signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats
over time.
• In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and
nonperiodic digital signals.
Periodic Analog Signals

• Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite. A simple periodic analog signal,
a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite periodic analog signal is
composed of multiple sine waves.

• Sine Wave
• The sine wave is the most fundamental form of a periodic analog signal.
• A sine wave can be represented by three parameters: the peak amplitude, the frequency, and the
phase. These three parameters fully describe a sine wave.
Peak Amplitude
• The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest intensity.
Period and Frequency

• Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1


cycle.
• Frequency refers to the number of periods in I s. Note that period and frequency
are just
• one characteristic defined in two ways. Period is the inverse of frequency, and
frequency is the inverse of period, as the following formulas show.
• Period is formally expressed in seconds. Frequency is formally expressed in Hertz (Hz)
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time. Change in a short span of
time means high frequency. Change over a long span of time means low
frequency.
• If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero. If a signal changes
instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.
Phase
• The term phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0. If we
think of the wave as something that can be shifted backward or forward along the
time axis, phase describes the amount of that shift. It indicates the status of the
first cycle.
Wavelength

• Wavelength binds the period or the frequency of a simple sine wave to the propagation speed of
the medium.
• See textbook page 64-65.
Composite Signals

• A composite signal can be periodic or nonperiodic.

Composite periodic signal Composite non-periodic signal


Time and Frequency Domains
Sin wave
• A sine wave is defined by its amplitude,
frequency, and phase. We have been
showing a sine wave by using what is called
a time-domain plot. The time-domain plot
shows changes in signal amplitude with
respect to time (it is an amplitude-versus-
time plot).

• To show the relationship between amplitude


and frequency, we can use what is called a
frequency-domain plot. A frequency-domain
plot is concerned with only the peak value
and the frequency.
• A complete sine wave in the time domain
can be represented by one single spike in
the frequency domain.
Time and Frequency Domains
Composite Signals

• A single frequency sine wave is not useful in data communications; we need to send a composite
signal, a signal made of many simple sine waves.

• The French mathematician Jean-Baptiste Fourier showed that any composite signal is actually a
combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

• If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals with discrete
frequencies; if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies.
Time and Frequency domain of a periodic composite signal

If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals with discrete frequencies.
Time and Frequency domain of a non-periodic composite signal

if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the decomposition gives


a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies.

Although the number of frequencies in a human voice is infinite, the range is limited. A
normal human being can create a continuous range of frequencies between 0 and 4 kHz.
Bandwidth

• The range of frequencies contained in a composite signal is its bandwidth. The


bandwidth is normally a difference between two numbers. For example, if a
composite signal contains frequencies between 1000 and 5000, its bandwidth is
5000 - 1000, or 4000.
• Textbook:
• Data Communications and Networking, Fourth Edition

Recommended Readings • by Behrouz A. Forouzan

• Review textbook chapter 3 examples.

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