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Data Communication - 6

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13 views12 pages

Data Communication - 6

Uploaded by

housam.shneib22
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Communication

Lecture 6

Analog Transmission

Najia Bensaud
Spring 2023
Analog Transmission

• DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
• ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based
on the information in digital data.
DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

• A sine wave is defined by three characteristics: amplitude, frequency, and phase. When we vary anyone of
these characteristics, we create a different version of that wave. So, by changing one characteristic of a simple
electric signal, we can use it to represent digital data. Any of the three characteristics can be altered in this
way, giving us at least three mechanisms for modulating digital data into an analog signal: amplitude shift
keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). In addition, there is a fourth
(and better) mechanism that combines changing both the amplitude and phase, called quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM). QAM is the most efficient of these options and is the mechanism commonly
used today.
ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

• Analog-to-analog conversion can be accomplished in three ways: amplitude modulation (AM), frequency
modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).
Amplitude Modulation

• In AM transmission, the carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude varies with the changing amplitudes
of the modulating signal. The frequency and phase of the carrier remain the same; only the amplitude changes
to follow variations in the information.
AM Bandwidth

• The modulation creates a bandwidth that is twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal and covers a range
centered on the carrier frequency.
• The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM =2B.

• Standard Bandwidth Allocation for AM Radio


• The bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music) is usually 5 kHz. Therefore, an AM radio station needs
a bandwidth of 10kHz.
• However, each station's carrier frequency must be separated from those on either side of it by at least 10 kHz
(one AM bandwidth) to avoid interference. If one station uses a carrier frequency of 1100 kHz, the next
station's carrier frequency cannot be lower than 1110 kHz
Frequency Modulation

• In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing voltage level
(amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain constant, but
as the amplitude of the information signal changes, the frequency of the carrier changes correspondingly.
FM Bandwidth

• The actual bandwidth is difficult to determine exactly, but it can be shown empirically that it is several times
that of the analog signal or 2(1 + β) B where β is a factor depends on modulation technique.
Phase Modulation

• In PM transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing voltage level
(amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain constant,
but as the amplitude of the information signal changes, the phase of the carrier changes correspondingly.
PM Bandwidth

• The bandwidth of a PM signal. The actual bandwidth is difficult to determine exactly, but it can be shown
empirically that it is several times that of the analog signal. Although, the formula shows the same bandwidth
for FM and PM, the value of β is lower in the case of PM,
• The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal: Bpm=.

• 2(1 + β )B
• Textbook:
• Data Communications and Networking, Fourth Edition

Recommended Readings • by Behrouz A. Forouzan

• Review textbook chapter 5 examples.

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