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3.9 - Sensors-Controlling Applications

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17 views20 pages

3.9 - Sensors-Controlling Applications

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SENSORS-CONTROLLING

APPLICATIONS
LO: To understand the use of sensors in controlling
applications.
Keywords: Anti lock
CCL: Science
STARTER- IDENTIFY THE SENSORS
USED
STARTER-SOL

Art gallery uses temperature and humidity sensors


TASK
 Identify the sensors used in the following applications.
Humidity sensor, light sensor, Flow sensor, level sensor,
acoustic sensor, accelerometer sensor, Infrared sensor,
gas sensors
Applications Type of sensors
Microphones that converts detected sounds to digital format
Measures acceleration and motion of an object.
Measures flow rate of a liquid or gas in motion /flow rates in natural gas
pipe lines.
Detects level of a particular gas like CO2
Sensors that measures water vapour in air sample
A security system detecting as an intruder breaks an infrared beam
A car monitoring the level of petrol left in its tank
Automatic switching of street lights
TASK-ANSWER
Applications Type of sensors
Microphones that converts detected sounds to digital format acoustic sensor
Measures acceleration and motion of an object. accelerometer
sensor
Measures flow rate of a liquid or gas in motion /flow rates in natural gas Flow sensor
pipe lines.
Detects level of a particular gas like CO2 Gas sensors
Sensors that measures water vapour in air sample Humidity sensor
A security system detecting as an intruder breaks an infrared beam Infrared sensor
A car monitoring the level of petrol left in its tank Level sensor
Automatic switching of street lights Light sensor
CONTROLLING APPLICATIONS OF
SENSORS
 Automatic controlling of street lights
 Antilock braking system on cars
 Central heating systems
 Chemical Process control
 Green house environment control
CONTROL OF STREET
LIGHTING
CONTROL OF STREET LIGHTING

 A microprocessor is used to control the operation of a street


lamp. The lamp is fitted with a light sensor which constantly
sends data to the microprocessor.
 The data value from the sensor changes according to whether
it is sunny, cloudy, raining or it is night time (etc.):
 the light sensor sends data to the ADC interface
 this changes the data into digital form and sends it to the
microprocessor
 the microprocessor samples the data every minute (or at
some other frequency rate)
CONTROL OF STREET LIGHTING

 if the data from the sensor < value stored in memory, then » ... a signal is
sent from the microprocessor to the street lamp ...
 » ... and the lamp is switched on
 » the lamp stays switched on for 30 minutes before the sensor readings are
sampled again (this prevents the lamp flickering off and on during brief
heavy cloud cover, for example)
 » if the data from the sensor >= value stored in memory …» … a signal is
sent from the microprocessor to the street lamp ...
 » … and the lamp is switched off
 » the lamp stays switched off for 30 minutes before sensor readings are
sampled again (this prevents the lamp flickering off and on during heavy
cloud cover for example).
ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ON
CARS)
 Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) on cars use magnetic field sensors to
stop the wheels locking up on the car if the brakes have been applied too
sharply:
 when one of the car wheels rotates too slowly (i.e. it is locking up), a
magnetic field sensor sends data to a microprocessor
 the microprocessor checks the rotation speed of the other three wheels
 if they are different (i.e. rotating faster), the microprocessor sends a signal
to the braking system …
 … and the braking pressure to the affected wheel is reduced …
 … the wheel’s rotational speed is then increased to match the other wheels
 the checking of the rotational speed using these magnetic field sensors is
done several times a second …
ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ON
CARS)
 … and the braking pressure to all the wheels can be
constantly changing to prevent any of the wheels locking
up under heavy braking .
 … this is felt as a ‘judder’ on the brake pedal as the
braking system is constantly switched off and on to
equalise the rotational speed of all four wheels
 if one of the wheels is rotating too quickly, braking
pressure is increased to that wheel until it matches the
other three.
 a gas supply is used to heat water using
a heater.
 A valve on the gas supply is controlled
by a microprocessor and is opened if the
heating levels need to be increased.
 A water pump is used to pump hot water
around the central heating system
CENTRAL whenever the temperature drops below a
HEATING pre-set value:

SYSTEMS
CENTRAL HEATING
SYSTEM
 the required temperature is keyed in and this is stored in the microprocessor
memory (this is called the pre-set value)
 the temperature sensor is constantly sending data readings to the microprocessor
 the sensor data is first sent to an ADC to convert the analogue data into digital
data
 the digital data is sent to the microprocessor
 the microprocessor compares this data with the pre-set value
 if the temperature reading >= pre-set value then no action is taken
 if the temperature reading < pre-set value, then a signal is sent …
 … to an actuator (via a DAC) to open the gas valve to the heater
 … to an actuator (via a DAC) to turn on the water pump
CHEMICAL PROCESS CONTROL
 A certain chemical process only works if the temperature is above 70°C and
the pH (acidity) level is less than 3.5.
 Sensors are used as part of the control system.
 A heater is used to heat the reactor and valves are used to add acid when
necessary to maintain the acidity.
Process:
temperature and pH sensors read data from the chemical process
 this data is converted to digital using an ADC and is then sent to the computer
 the computer compares the incoming data with pre-set values stored in
memory
… if the temperature < 70°C, a signal is sent to switch on the heater

CHEMICAL PROCESS CONTROL

 … if the pH > 3.5, then a signal is sent to open a valve


and acid is added
 … if the pH <= 3.5, then a signal is sent to close this
valve
 the computer signals will be changed into analogue
signals using a DAC so that it can control the heaters and
valves
 this continues as long as the computer system is
activated.
GREENHOUSE
ENVIRONMENT
CONTROL
 Five different
sensors could be
used here to
control the
greenhouse
environment,
namely: humidity,
moisture,
temperature, pH
and light.
GREEN HOUSE CONTROL

 Consider humidity sensor.


 This sends a signal to an ADC, which then sends a digital signal to the
computer. This compares the input with stored (pre-set) values and
decides what action needs to be taken.
 (If humidity is > pre-set value, the computer sends a signal to a DAC
(follow the green lines in the figure) to operate the motors to open
windows thus reducing the humidity.
 If it is < pre-set value, the computer sends a signal to open valves to
spray water into the air (follow the green lines). If the reading = pre-
set value, then no action is taken
 The control process continues as long as the system is switched on.
 Similar explanation stands for other sensors too.
PLENARY

 Mention the control applications you learnt in this


lesson.
HOME
ASSIGNMENT
 The junction (Figure )
is controlled by traffic
lights.
 Describe how sensors
in the road and a
microprocessor are
used to
 control the traffic at
the junction. The
microprocessor is able
to change the colour
sequence of the lights.
REFERENCE

 http://www.bitsofbytes.co/input-devices---automatic.html
 https://student.craigndave.org/videos/cambridge-igcse-topic-3-2-
sensors-part-2

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