ANATOMY

Dr. Shoaib Nawaz phD

(Rph)
COURSE OUTLINE
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Introduction to Human Anatomy
 ANATOMY
 Definition - anatome = up, again, excessive (ana) +
cutting (tome)
 Terminology recognized when dissection carried .
 Anatomy is the study of the structure of the
body and the physical relationships
between its constituent parts.
 Disciplines of anatomy
1. Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
3. Developmental
4. Neuroanatomy
HISTORY
 Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

 Greek Physician , Father of Medicine.

 Considered to be founder of anatomy

 Wrote multiple books on anatomy.

 Aristotle (384-322BC)
 First person to use the term Anatome.

 He wrote about anatomy of human

body.
HISTORY
 Galen (129-200BC)
 Greek Physician worked in Rome, collected

data about anatomical findings in written form.

 Worked on animal dissection that contain

errors and misinterpretations.

 Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564BC)

 Belgian Botanist, Father of modern anatomy.

 Manuscript of anatomy titled as De Humani

Corporis Fabrica Libri Septein , he wrote seven

books on structure of human body and
published in 1543.
 Approach to study of gross anatomy
1. Upper extremity
2. Head and neck
3. Abdomen
4. Lower extremity
5. Back
6. Thorax
7. Pelvis and perineum
8. Functional Anatomy
9. Surface anatomy
10. Comparative anatomy
11. Radiographic anatomy
12. Surgical anatomy
13. Applied anatomy
 DISCIPLINES OF ANATOMY
 Gross Anatomy:(macroscopic anatomy)
 structures studied with the naked eye.
1. Systematic anatomy: organized by systems, e.g.,
digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc.
2. Regional anatomy: topographical study of all
structures in an area of the body, e.g., upper
extremity bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc.
 Microscopic anatomy (histology)
 17th century light microscope, 20th century electron
microscope. Study of fine structural details with
microscope. Tissues obtained are put in chemicals
called fixatives cause preservation of specimens.
Fixed tissues embedded in appropriate materials and
cut into slices called sections. Further exposed to
stains.
 Cell biology
 Developmental anatomy (embryology)
 Pathological anatomy
 Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI)
 Other areas? (surgery)
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

 Biochemical (atoms, molecules)

 Cellular
 Tissue
 Organ
 Organ system
 Organism
 MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

 X-rays
 CT Scan
 PET
 Ultrasound imaging
 MRI

 Anatomy is important!
 REFERENCE POSITIONS
 Anatomical position
1. most widely used & accurate for all
aspects of the body
2. standing in an upright posture,
facing straight ahead, feet parallel
and close, & palms facing forward
 Fundamental position
1. is essentially same as anatomical
position except arms are at the sides &
palms facing the body
 ANATOMICAL POSITION

 Body erect
 Head, eyes, toes
directed forward
 Limbs at sides of
body
 Palms directed
forward
 BASIS FOR TERMINOLOGY
 Terms informative
 Nomina anatomica
 Use of eponyms

Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific,

general terms, like “front,” “up,” and “behind.”
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY
 Caudal
 below in relation to another structure; inferior
 Cephalic/Cranial
 above in relation to another structure; higher, superior
 Deep
 beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative
depth or location of muscles or tissue
 Superficial
 near the surface; used to describe relative depth or
location of muscles or tissue
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

 Contralateral
 relating to the opposite side
 Ipsilateral
 on the same side
 Bilateral
 relating to the right and left sides of the body or
of a body structure such as the right & left
extremities
 ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL
TERMINOLOGY
 Inferior (infra)
 below in relation to another structure; caudal
 Superior (supra)
 above in relation to another structure; higher,
cephalic
 Distal
 situated away from the center
or midline of the body, or away
from the point of origin
 Proximal
 nearest the trunk or the point of
origin
 Lateral
 on or to the side; outside, farther
from the median or midsagittal
plane
 Medial
 relating to the middle or center;
nearer to the medial or
midsagittal plane
 ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL
TERMINOLOGY
 Prone
 the body lying face downward; stomach lying
 Supine
 lying on the back; face upward position of the body
 Dorsal
 relating to the back; being or located near, on, or
toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of
 Ventral
 relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the
front, anterior part of
 Volar
 relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot
 Plantar
 relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
 ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY
 Anterior
 in front or in the front part
 Anteroinferior
 in front & below
 Anterosuperior
 in front & above
 Posterior
 behind, in back, or in the rear
 Posteroinferior
 behind & below; in back & below
 Posterolateral
 behind & to one side, specifically to the outside
 Lecture
2

BODY PLANES
 There are three body planes which lie at right angle
to each other. These divide the body into sections
and are used to visualise or describe its internal
arrangement from different prospectives.
 The anatomical position is used as reference

position in descriptions using body planes.

 Plane is a surface which lies at right angles to each

and in which the movement takes place

 PLANES
Sagittal Plane/ Median
 It is an imaginary plane which passes from the body
& divides it into left and right body halves
Frontal Plane / Coronal
 It is an imaginary plane which passes from the body
& divides body into anterior posterior halves
Horizontal Plane/ Transverse
 It is an imaginary plane which divides the body into
upper and lower segments

 Imp: Movements taking place in horizontal plane are

not affected by gravity and are called Gravity Free
 These planes are taken as standards. They are used

for treatment and evaluation purposes

 Lecture 3

THE BODY SYSTEMS

 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• The basic framework of the body is a system

of 206 bones
 with their joints, collectively known as the
skeleton.
•Protects and supports body organs.
•Provides a framework the muscles use to
cause movement.
•Blood cells are formed within bones.
•Stores minerals.
 THE SKELETON

 Consists of
 Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
 Composed of 206 named bones grouped
into two divisions
 Axial skeleton (80 bones)
 Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
THE AXIAL SKELETON
 Formed from 80
named bones
 Consists of skull,
vertebral column, and
bony thorax
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Body movements are due to the action of the
muscles which are
attached to the bones. Other types of
muscles are present in the
 walls of such organs as the intestine and the heart.
 Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion and facial expression.
Maintains posture.
Produces heat.
 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 The heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes

all make up the system whereby blood is pumped to all

the body
 tissues, bringing with it food, oxygen and other substances,
and carrying away waste materials.
 Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon

dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

 The heart pumps blood.
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 This system comprises all organs which have to do

with taking in food and converting the useful parts
of it into substances that
 the body cells can use. Examples of these organs are
the mouth, the teeth, and the alimentary tract
(esophagus, stomach, intestine, and accessory organs
such as the liver and the pancreas).
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the
blood for
 distribution to body cells.
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from

them. The purpose of this system is to take in air, and from it

extract oxygen
 which is then dissolved in the blood and conveyed to all the
tissues. A waste product of the cells, carbon dioxide, is taken by
the blood to the lungs, whence it is expelled to the outside air.
 Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide.
 The gaseous changes occur through the walls of the air sacs of

the lungs.
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 The word “integument” (in-teg’u-ment) means “skin.” The

skin is considered by some authorities to be a separate body

system. It
 includes the hair, nails, sweat and oil glands, and other
related structures.
 Forms the external body covering.
 Protects deeper tissues from injury.
 Synthesis vitamin D.

 Site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat

and oil glands.

 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The brain, the spinal cord and the nerves all make up this
very complex system by which all parts of the body are
controlled and coordinated.

 The organs of special sense (such as the eyes, ears, taste

buds, and organs of smell), sometimes classed as a separate
sensory system, together with the sense of tough, receive
stimuli from the outside world, which are then converted into
impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain
determines to a great extent the body’s responses to
messages from without and within, and in it occur such
higher functions as memory and reasoning.
 Fast-acting control system of the body.

 Responds to internal and external changes by activating

appropriate muscles and glands.
 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• A few scattered organs known as endocrine glands
produce special substances called hormones, which
regulate such body functions as growth, food utilization
within the cells, and reproduction. Examples of
endocrine glands are the thyroid and pituitary glands.

• Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes

such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use
(metabolism) by body cells
 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
This system includes the external sex organs and all
related inner
 structures which are concerned with the production
of new individuals.
•Overall function is production of offspring.
 Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts
and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract.
 Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone;
remaining structures
 serve as sites for fertilization and development of
fetus.
 Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to
nourish the newborn.
 REFERENCE
 Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in
Health and Illness 13th Edition

 General Anatomy By Laiq Hussain siddique