Class XII

Subject: Computer Science with Python(083)

UNIT II Computer Networks (10 Marks)
Chapter 8 Computer Network and Network types
 Syllabus of UNIT II
Computer Network
• Unit II: Computer Networks
● Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace Different ways of sending data
across the network with reference to switching techniques (Circuit and Packet switching).

● Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and
Data transfer rate (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps).
● Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link,
microwave link and satellite link.

● Network devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Router, Switch, Gateway, WiFi
card.

● Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree, PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN.

● Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, HTTP, SMTP, POP3, Remote
Login (Telnet) and Internet, Wireless / Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM, GPRS
and WLL.
 Syllabus of UNIT II
Computer Network
• Unit II: Computer Networks (Contd.)
• ● Mobile Telecommunication Technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G; Mobile processors;
Electronic mail protocols such as SMTP, POP3, Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing:
VoIP, Wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and WiMax 7

• ● Network Security Concepts: Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse,
Spams Use of Cookies, Protection using Firewall, https; India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber
Crimes, IPR issues, hacking.

• ● Introduction To Web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible
Markup Language (XML); Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL;
Website, Web browser, Web Servers;
Deducted
• Web Hosting, Web Scripting – Client side (VB Script, Java Script, PHP) and Server side
(ASP, JSP, PHP), Web 2.0 (for social networking)
• ● E-commerce payment transactions using online banking, mobile banking, payment apps
and services.
 Topics Covered in Presentation - I
• Unit II: Computer Networks –
• Presentation - I
● Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace Different
ways of sending data across the network with reference to switching
techniques (Circuit and Packet switching).

● Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Bandwidth

(Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data transfer rate (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps,
Tbps).

● Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber,

infrared, radio link, microwave link and satellite link.
Computer Network
 Computer Network
A computer network is a set
of nodes like computers
and networking devices
that are connected through
communication channels
(communication medium)
for the purpose of
communicating and
sharing resources
(hardware/software)
among the users.
Computer Network
 Benefits of Computer Network
Computer Networks are used to 
1. Facilitate communication through email / video conferencing / instant
messaging or any other mode.

2. Share hardware devices like a printer , scanner , plotter etc.

3. Enable file sharing

4.Share software or operating system programs

5.Share information
 Benefits of Computer Network
Computer Networks are used to 
6. Communication at a reduced Cost.

7. Reliability of Data (Backup)

8. Central Storage of Data

9. Fast Access and Search of Data

 Disadvantages of Computer Network

Disadvantage of Computer Networks are 

1. Security issue  Virus, Worms , Trojan Horse , Hackers , Spyware etc

2. Cost of implementing the network

 Evolution of networking

• ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork):In1969, The US govt.

formed an agency named ARPANET to connect computers at various universities and its
defense agency (DoD) . It was the first network . The main objective of ARPANET was to
develop a network that could continue to function efficiently even in the event of a nuclear
attack. Started with four computers in 1969, Around In 1984 ARPANET had more than 1000
computers linked together.

• NSFNET(National Science Foundation Network) - In the mid 80’s , NSFNET

was created . It was more capable than ARPANET. It was used for academic
research. In 1986 , NSFNET was interconnected with ARPANET ,
• Later, Many Businessmen of America understood the importance of network and
therefore created Private Networks for their organization .
• These networks interconnected and gave rise to Internet
• However , When Internet gained pace , NSFNET was disconnected from internet in
1995 and NSFNET started refocusing on research work.
• In 1996 , Internet2 was founded.
• We have 550 millions hosts connected to Internet now a days.
 Evolution of networking

• Internet(INTERconnection NETwork):The Internet is a world wide network of computer

networks . It is not owned by anybody .The internet has evolved from ARPANET .The internet

is a globally connected network system that utilizes TCP/IP to transmit information . Following

services are instantly available through internet : Email, Web-enabled audio / video

conferencing services ,On line movies and gaming ,Data transfer / file-sharing ,Instant

messaging ,Internet forums , Social networking ,On line shopping , Financial services. Internet

is monitored by anon-profit organization ‘Internet Society’ formed in 1992. This society

determines the policies and protocols for Internet.

• Interspace : is a client / server software program that allows multiple users to communicate

on line with real–time audio ,video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments
 Switching Techniques
• Switching Techniques: Switching techniques are used for
transmitting data across networks.

Different Switching Techniques are:

 Circuit Switching:

 Packet Switching:

 Message (Store and Forward) Switching:

Let Us See Circuit Switching

 Circuit Switching Techniques
In Circuit Switching Technique , At first 

A complete end-to-end physical transmission path is

established between the source and the destination
computers.

Then

The message is transmitted through the path.

 Circuit Switching Techniques
Advantage of Circuit Switching

• The main advantage of this technique is guaranteed delivery

of the message.

Example of Real Life Use

• Mostly used for voice communication over Analog

Telephone Lines.
 Packet Switching Technique
• Packet Switching use Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Control Protocol to
send data over the network

In Packet Switching 
Using the TCP protocol a single large message is divided into a sequence of packets
of fixed size limits from 128 to 4096 bytes.

•Each packet is independent and has the address of sender and destination.

•The IP (Internet protocol) does the routing for the packets .It keeps track of all the
different routes available to the destination . If one route is not available it finds the
alternate route to the destination.

•At the destination ,the TCP protocol re-assembles the packets back into the complete
message. If any packets are lost or damaged ,a request is sent to retransmit the same
message.
Packet Switching Techniques
 DATA TRANSFER ON INTERNET
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Address 1 HOW Header Data Packet
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Address 1 HOW 3 YOU? Receiver

 DATA TRANSFER ON INTERNET
1. The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces
called packets.
2. A header is added to each packet explaining where the
data has come from, where it should end up and where
it fits in with the rest of the packets.
3. Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it
finds its destination. All packets may not take the same
route.
4. At the destination, the packets are examined. If any
packets are missing or damaged, a message is sent
asking for them to be re-sent. This continues until all
packets have been received intact.
5. The packets are now reassembled into their original form.
 Message Switching Technique
• Message Switching use Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Control Protocol
to send data over the network

In Message Switching 
Using the TCP protocol a single large message is divided into a sequence of packets
of dissimilar size limits .

•Each packet is independent and has the address of sender and destination.

•The IP (Internet protocol) does the routing for the packets .It keeps track of all the
different routes available to the destination .

• If No Congestion Free Route is available , then , The packet is stored at an intermediary

computer (Swirching Offices) and forwarded as and when congestion free path is found by the
router. Thus , Message Switching is also Known as Store and Forward Switching.
•At the destination ,the TCP protocol re-assembles the packets back into the complete
message. If any packets are lost or damaged ,a request is sent to retransmit the same
message.
 Data Communication Terminologies

• Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred from one point to
another . It is a measure of the range of frequencies a transmitted signal occupies .
In digital systems ,band width is the data speed in bits per second . Bandwidth is
expressed in Hz, KHz, and MHz .

• Data transfer rate : DTR is the amount of data in digital form that is moved from
one place to another in a given time on a network . Data rates are often measured
in megabits (million bits) or megabytes (million bytes) per second.

• bps  bits per second Bps  bytes per second

• Kbps  kilo bits per second KBps kilo bytes per second

• Mbps mega bits per second MBps mega bytes per second

• Gbps  giga bits per second GBps  giga bytes per second

• Tbps  tera bits per second TBps  tera bytes per second
 Data Communication Terminologies

• Nodes( Workstation): They are the computers that are attached to the network
and the users directly use them to avail the facility of the network or share
resources.

• Server: They are the computers that facilitate the sharing of Data, software and
hardware resources on the network.

• Network Interface Unit (NIU): They are the interpreter that establish connection
between server and client. They provide the MAC Address.

• IP Address: Every Machine on a TCP/IP Network has a unique Identification

number. This number is known as its IP Address.

• Domain Name: Domain Name is a way to identify and locate a computer or

resource connected to the internet. Domain Names are Unique.

• Sender: It is the device that sends the Data.

• Receiver: It is the device that receives the Data.

 Data Communication Terminologies

• Message: The information to be communicated i.e. shared using the network is

called Message. Messages may be Text, Audio, Animation , Video or Image.

• Protocol: They are the set of rules that governs data transmission on Computer
networks. It represents the communication methodology that must be followed to
send and receive data on computer network.

• Channel: The communication path through which data is transmitted from sender
to receiver is called Channel or Communication Channel.

• Baud: The number of changes in a signal per second is known as Baud. It is the
measuring unit of data transfer rate. Baud technically refers to the number of
discrete signal elements transferred per second. 1 Baud represents 1 signal change
per second. And is equivalent to 1 bit per second.
• Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be passed along a communication
channel in a given period of time (1 second) is called Bandwidth. It is measured in
using units such as Hertz(Hz), Kilo Hertz( 103 Hertz = 1 Kilo Hertz (KHz)), Mega
Hertz (103 Kilo Hertz = 1 Mega Hertz (MHz)
 Data Communication Terminologies

• Data and Signal: Information stored in the computer system in the form of 0 and 1 is called
Data. Data convey special meaning to the computer system.
Where as
When data is transferred from one device to another in a network through elctric or
electromagnetic encoding . It is known as Signal.

MODES OF DATA TRANSMISSION

• Analog Transmission : They are continiuous electrical waves of varying

Amplitude. Modem is required. Example – Telephone Networks

• Digital Transmission : They are group of discrete electrical units which are
transmitted in rapid succession. Modem is not required. Example – DSL(Digital
Subscriber Line)

• Parallel Communication: When data is transmitted through multiple wires

carrying each bit. It is called Parallel Communication.
 Data Communication Terminologies

MODES OF DATA TRANSMISSION

• Serial Communication: When bits are sent one after the other in a single wire . It
is called serial transmission.

Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission

• Synchronous Transmission- In Synchronous Transmission , Sender first sends
control character to the receiver and then the actual Data.
• Advantage – Data travels faster.
• Disadvantage- Costly and Complex set up required.

• Asynchronous Transmission- In Asynchronous Transmission ,Data is preceded By

a start bit and a stop bit and then sent to the receiver.
• Advantage – Hardware requirement is simple and cheap.
• Disadvantage- Data travels slowly.
 Data Communication Terminologies

COMMUNICATION CHANNEL (TRANSMISSION MEDIUM)

A communication channel is either a physical transmission medium such as a wire ,or

to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in
telecommunications and computer networking.
 Data Communication Terminologies

Twisted Pair Cable

 Data Communication Terminologies

Twisted Pair Cable

 Twisted pair cables are one of the earliest guided
transmission media.

 Twisted pair cable comprises of two separate

insulated copper wires, which are twisted together
and run in parallel.

 The copper wires are typically 1mm in diameter.

 One of the wires is used to transmit data and the

other is the ground reference.
 Data Communication Terminologies

Applications of Twisted Pair Cable

In Telephone lines
 In Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

 In Local Area Networks (LAN)

Example of Twisted Pair Cable
 CAT1 , CAT2 , CAT 3 , CAT4 , CAT5 ,CAT6
 Data Communication Terminologies

• Coaxial Pair: Coaxial cables, commonly

called coax, are copper cables with metal
shielding designed to provide immunity
against noise and greater bandwidth. Coax can
transmit signals over larger distances at a
higher speed as compared to twisted pair
cables.
• Applications of Coaxial Cables
• In analog telephone networks: A single coaxial
network can carry about 10,000 voice signals.
• In digital telephone networks: A coax has a
data rate of 600 Mbps.
• In cable TV networks ,In traditional Ethernet
LANs ,In MANs
• Advantages : 1. Coaxial cable can support
greater cable lengths between network devices
than twisted pair cable.
2. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective
plastic cover that help keep moisture away.
Disadvantages : 1. Thick coaxial is that it does
not bend easily and is difficult to install.
 Data Communication Terminologies

Fiber Optic
Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the
medium and the technology associated with the
transmission of information as light pulses
along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. Fiber
optics is used long-distance and high-
performance data networking.
Fiber optics are also commonly used in
telecommunication services such as internet,
television and telephones.
Advantages : 1. One single mode fiber can
replace a metal of time larger and heavier.
2. Multi-mode optical cable has a larger
diameter and can be used to carry signal over
short distance.
Disadvantages : 1. Fiber optic versus metal
cable is that it is difficult to make connections to
fiber optic cable.
2. The optical fiber must be highly polished to
allow light to pass with little loss.
Data Communication Terminologies
 Wireless Networks
It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to communicate . Wireless allows for
devices to be shared without networking cable which increases mobility but decreases range.
• Infrared Wave Transmission-Short Range Communication:
• Infrared waves can travel from a few centimeters to several meters . (Approx.5m) .
• Line of Sight Propagation :Infrared uses point to point communication ,both transmitter and
receiver should be placed in line of sight of each other and there should not be any obstacle in
between Can not Penetrate Solid object .
• It is Inexpensive mode of Communication .
• Secure: At a time only two device scan communicate there fore information passed to one
device is not leaked to another device.
• Applications of Infrared Waves in Communications
• Remote controls for television, stereos and other
• home appliances.
• Wireless LANs
• Wireless modem, keyboard, mouse, printer etc
• Fire detectors
Wireless Networks
 Wireless Networks
Radio Wave Transmission:-
Long Range Communication : Radio waves
can cover distances ranging from a few meters
(in walkie-talkies) upto covering an entire city
.
Omni directional : Radio waves are
propagated in all directions . Therefore
sending and receiving antennas do not have to
be aligned. Penetrates Solid Objects
Inexpensive mode of communication .Radio
wave communication is insecure
communication
One of the disadvantages of radio waves is
that they cannot transmit a lot of data
simultaneously because they're low frequency

It is used for AM and FM radio, cellular

telephones .
 Wireless Networks
• Micro wave Transmission ,a form of radio transmission that use . Ultra-high frequencies. It is a point-
to-point , rather than a broadcast ,transmission system .Additionally , each antenna must be with in line
of sight of the next antenna . The application areas are many can be categories in different ways.
• Telecom
• Point-to-point communication, Satellite, Cellular access technologies
• Space , Sensing/Spectroscopy, Communication, Radio astronomy
• MedTech ,Diagnostics, imaging, and treatment applications.
• Defense , Radar, Communication
• Security
• Navigation, Positioning & Measurement ,GPS

• There are many advantages of Microwaves such as the following −

• Supports larger bandwidth and hence more information is transmitted
• . For this reason, microwaves are used for point-to-point communications.
• Higher data rates are transmitted as the bandwidth is more.

• There are a few disadvantages of Microwaves such as the

• following −
• Cost of equipment or installation cost is high.
• They are hefty and occupy more space.
•
Wireless Networks
 Wireless Networks

• Satellite Communication
: It provide world wide
coverage independent to
population density .
Satellite communication
Systems offer
telecommunication
(Satellite Phones ) ,
positioning and
navigation (GPS) , broad
casting ,internet ,Mobile
,TV , etc.
Thank You