CLASS XII

SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON(083)

UNIT II - COMPUTER NETWORKS (10 MARKS)
COMPUTER NETWORK AND NETWORK TYPES

By: Amit Dutta

DAV Public School , Gandhinagar
NETWORK DEVICES
 Network Devices

In Addition to transmission
medium , many other devices
are required to form computer
networks. Some of these devices
are 
1 Network Interface Card
An NIC (Network Interface Card) is a device that
enables a computer to connect to a network and
communicate. Any computer which has to be a
part of a computer network must have an NIC
installed in it.
2 Registered Jack 45
 RJ45:Registerd Jack 45 It is a type
of cable connector which is mainly
used in computer networks. RJ45

is mainly used for Ethernet

networking which is used to connect
different type of devices like a switch,
hub, PC, router, firewall to each
other. RJ45 is the most known and
popular connector type in the IT
world.
 3 MODEM
 MODEM: A modem
(Modulator - Demodulator)
is a peripheral device that
enables a computer to
transmit data over,
telephone or cable lines. It
converts the digital data
from the sender computer
into analog form to be able
to send it over telephone
lines.
 At the receiving end modem
converts the data from
analog form to digital form
and stores into receiving
computer.
4 HUB
 HUB: A Hub is an electronic
device that connects
several nodes to form a
network and
redirects the received
information to all the
connected nodes in
broadcast mode. The
computer(s) for which the
information is intended
receive(s) this information
and accept(s) it. Other
computers on the network
simply reject this
information.
5 SWITCH
 SWITCH: A Switch is an
intelligent device that connects
several nodes to form a
network and redirects the
received information only to the
intended node(s).
 The difference between the two
is that Hub broadcasts the
received information to all the
nodes.
WHERE AS
 Switch does not broadcast
instead sends the information
selectively only to those
computers for which it is
intended. This makes a switch
more efficient than a hub.
6 REPEATER
 Repeater: A
Repeater is a device
that is used to
regenerate a signal
which is on its way
through a
communication
channel. A repeater
regenerates the
received signal and
retransmits it to its
destination.
7 ROUTER
ROUTER : A router is a device like a switch that
routes data packets based on their IP addresses.
Router is mainly a Network Layer device.
Routers normally connect LANs and WANs
together and have a dynamically updating routing
table based on which they make decisions on
routing the data packets. It interconnects different
networks . The simplest function of a router is to
receive packets from one connected network and
pass them to another connected network.
8 GATEWAY
 Gateway–A networking
device capable to convert
protocols so that two
different network
architecture based system
can communicate with each
other . It works as protocol
convertor.

Router vs Gateway
 Gateway regulates traffic
between two dissimilar
networks ,while router
regulates traffic between
similar networks .
9 Wireless Fidelity Cards
 Wi-Fi cards : are small and portable cards that allow your
computer to connect to the internet through a wireless
network. Wi-Fi transmission is through the radio
waves ,these signals are picked up by Wi-Fi receivers such
as computers and cell phones equipped with Wi-Fi cards .
The devices need to be within the range of a Wi-Fi network
to receive the signals and produces a wireless internet
connection .Once a connection is established between user
and the network , the user is prompted with a login screen
and password for establishing is a secure connection. Wi-Fi
cards can be external or internal .If a Wi-Fi card is not
installed inside your computer ,you may purchase an
external USB antenna attachment and connect it to your
device . Many computers and mobile devices are nowadays
equipped with wireless networking capability and do not
require a Wi-Fi card.
 Types Of Networking
 1.Personal Area Network(PAN)–
communication between two-three mobile
devices or PC for personal purpose.

 2.Local Area Network(LAN)–Limited

area (with in building)

 3.Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)–

Within city
 4.WideAreaNetwork(WAN)–within
multiple city / state / countries
1. PERSONALIZED AREA
NETWORK
 Personal Area Network(PAN)
 Spread in the proximity of an
individual .Cover an area of a few
meters radius . Set up using guided
media (USB cable ) or unguided media
(Bluetooth, Infrared). Owned ,
controlled, and managed by a single
person.
 Examples:
 A network of devices such as
computer ,Phone ,MP3 / MP4 Player ,
Camera , Laptops, Tablets etc.
Transferring songs from one cell phone
to an other is a PAN of two phones.
 Transferring files from a PC to an MP3
player is a PAN between the two.
 2. LOCAL AREA NETWORK

 2.Local Area
Network(LAN)–LANs are
the most frequently
used/discussed networks .
It is one of the most
common and one of the
simplest types of network .
It is designed for small
physical areas such as an
office ,group of buildings .
 Different types of
topologies can be used to
design LAN like Star ,Ring
,Bus ,Tree, Mesh etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
 •Resource Sharing

 •Software Applications Sharing

 •Easy and Cheap Communication

 •Centralized Data Storage

 •Data Security

 •Internet Sharing
 DISADVANTAGES OF LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
•High Setup Cost

•Privacy Violations

•Data Security Threat

•LAN Maintenance Job and cost

•Covers Limited Area

 EXAMPLES OF LOCAL AREA
NETWORK

Examples : A networked Office building,

school or home .

Some times one building can contain a few

Small LANs( Like some Schools have
independent LANs in each computer lab. ).
3 METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK
 3.Metropolitan Area
Network(MAN):–Spread within a
city. Cover an area of a few
kilometres to a few hundred
kilometres radius . Set up using all
types of all guided and unguided
media . Owned and operated by a
government body or a large
corporation.
Examples:
 Cable TV Network
A network of schools ,or banks ,or
Government offices etc situated
with in a city.
A MAN is usually formed by
interconnecting a number of LANs
and individual computers.
4 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Wide Area Network(WAN)–Slightly more complex than a
LAN , a WAN connects computers across longer physical
distances .The Internet is the most basic example of a
WAN, connecting all computers together around the
world. Because of a WAN’s vast reach ,it is typically not
owned or maintained by any single person or owner.
4 CHARACTERSTICS OF WAN
•Covers large distances(states, countries, continents).

•Communication medium like satellite, public telephone networks etc and routers are used establish
connection.

EXAMPLES OF WAN
A network of ATMs, BANKs ,National Government Office Network, International
Organizations‘ Office Network etc., spread over a country, continent, or covering
many continents
 ADVANTAGES OF WAN

 •Long distance business can connect on one

network.
 •Shares software and resources
 •Messages can be sent very quickly to wide range
of nodes
 •Hardware devices can be shared over a large
geographical area.
 ADVANTAGES OF WAN
 •Need a good firewall to restrict unauthorized
access
 •Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow
and complicated.
 •Maintaining a network is a full-time job
 •Security is a major issue when many different
people have the ability to use information
THANK YOU