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22 Properties of Logarithms

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28 views20 pages

22 Properties of Logarithms

Uploaded by

Jiliann Sanguillosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of

Logarithms
During this lesson, you will:

Expand the logarithm of a product,


quotient, or power

 Simplify (condense) a sum or


difference of logarithms

FLORAIDA M. NOLLEDO
General Mathematics Teacher

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 1


Part 1:
Expanding
Logarithms

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 2


PROPERTY: The Product Rule
(Property)

The Product Rule


Let M, N, and b be any positive numbers,
such that b ≠ 1.
log b (M ∙ N ) = log b M+ log b N
The logarithm of a product is the sum
of the logarithms.
Connection: When we multiply exponents with a
common base, we
Mrs. McConaughy
add the exponents.
Honors Algebra 2 3
Example Expanding a
Logarithmic Expression Using
Product Rule
is

log (4x) = log 4 + log x


The logarithm The sum of the
of a product logarithms.

Use the product rule to expand:


a.log4 ( 7 • 9) log 4 ( 7) + log 4(9)
= _______________
log
b. log ( 10x) = ( 10) + log (x)
________________
Mrs. McConaughy 1 Algebra
Honors + log2 (x) 4
Property: The Quotient
Rule (Property)
The Quotient Rule
Let M, N, and b be any positive
numbers, such that b ≠ 1.

log b (M / N ) = log b M - log b N


The logarithm of a quotient is the
difference of the logarithms.
Connection: When we divide exponents with a
common base, weHonors
Mrs. McConaughy
subtract
Algebra 2
the exponents. 5
Example Expanding a
Logarithmic Expression Using
Quotient Rule
is

log (x/2) = log x - log 2


The logarithm The difference of
of a quotient the logarithms.

Use the quotient rule to expand:


a.log7 ( 14 /x) = log 7 ( 14) - log 7(x)
______________
b. log ( 100/x) =log ( 100) - log (x)
______________
Mrs. McConaughy 2Algebra
Honors - log
2 (x) 6
PROPERTY: The Power Rule
(Property)

The Power Rule


Let M, N, and b be any positive numbers,
such that b ≠ 1.
log b Mx = x log b M
When we use the power rule to “pull the
exponent to the front,” we say we are
expanding
_________ the logarithmic expression.

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 7


Example Expanding a Logarithmic
Expression Using Power Rule

Use the power rule to expand:


a.log5 74= 4log 5 7
_______________
log x 1/2
b. log √x = ________________
1/2 log x
= ________________

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 8


Summary: Properties for
Expanding Logarithmic
Expressions
Properties of Let M, N, and b be any
Logarithms positive numbers, such that
b ≠ 1.
log b (M ∙ N ) = log b M+ log b
Product Rule:
log b (M / N ) = log b M - log b N
Quotient
Rule: log b Mx = x log b M
Power Rule:
NOTE: In all cases,
Mrs. McConaughy M2> 0 and N >0.
Honors Algebra 9
Check Point: Expanding
Logarithmic Expressions
Use logarithmic properties to expand
each expression:
a. logb x2√y b. log6 3√x
36y4
log b x2 + logb y1/2
log 6 x1/3 - log636y4
2log b x + ½ logb
y log 6 x1/3 - (log636 + log6y4)
1/3log 6 x - log636 - 4log6y
Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 2 10
Check Point: Expanding
NOTE: You are expanding, not condensing
Logs
(simplifying) these logs.

Expand:

log 2 3xy2 = log 2 3 + log 2 x + 2log 2 y

log 8 26(xy)=
2
log 8 26 + log 8 x2 + log 8 y2

= 6log 8 2 + 2log 8 x + 2log 8

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 11


Part 2: Condensing
(Simplifying) Logarithms

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 12


Part 2: Condensing
(Simplifying) Logarithms
To condense a logarithm, we
write the sum or difference of
two or more logarithms as
single expression.

NOTE: You will be using


properties of logarithms to do
Mrs. McConaughy so. Honors Algebra 2 13
Properties for Condensing Logarithmic
Expressions (Working Backwards)

Properties of Let M, N, and b be any


Logarithms positive numbers, such that
b ≠ 1.
log b M+ log b N = log b (M ∙ N
Product
Rule: log M - log N = log (M /N)
b b b

Quotient x log b M = log b Mx


Rule:

Power Rule:
Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 14
Example Condensing
Logarithmic Expressions
Write as a single logarithm:
a. log4 2 + log 4 32 log
= 4 64
=3
a. log (4x - 3) – log x =log (4x – 3)

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 15


NOTE: Coefficients of logarithms must be
1 before you condense them using the
product and quotient rules.
Write as a single
logarithm:
= log x ½ + log (x-1)4
a. ½ log x + 4 log (x-1)
= log √x (x-1)4
= log (x + 7)3 – log x
b. 3 log (x + 7) – log x
= log (x + 7)3
x
c. 2 log x + log (x + 1)
= log x2 + log (x + 1)
= log x2 (x + 1)
Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 16
Check Point: Simplifying
(Condensing) Logarithms
a.log 3 20 - log 3 4log
= 3 (20/4) = log 3 5

b. 3 log 2 x + log 2 y=
log 2 x 3y

c. 3log 2 + log 4 – log 16 =


log 23 + log 4 – log 16 = log 32/16 =log 2

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 17


Sometimes, it is necessary to use
Example 1 Identifying the
more than one property of logs when
Properties of Logarithms
you expand/condense an expression.
State the property or properties
used to rewrite each expression:
Property:____________________________
Quotient Rule
log 2 8 - log 2 4 = log 2 8/4 = log 2 2 = 1
(Property)

Property:____________________________
Product Rule/Power Rule
log b x3 y = log b x3 + log b 7 = 3log b x + log b
7
Product Rule (Property)
Property:____________________________
log 5 2 +
Mrs. McConaughy
log 5 6 = log 5 12
Honors Algebra 2 18
Example Demonstrating
Properties of Logs
Use log 10 2 ≈ 0.031 and log 10 3 ≈ 0.477
to approximate the following:
a. log 10 2/3 b. log 10 6 c. log 10 9
log10 2 – log10 3

0.031 – 0.477
0.031 – 0.477
– 0.466
Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 19
Homework Assignment:
Properties of
Logs

Mrs. McConaughy Honors Algebra 2 20

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