Introduction To Java Programming

You will learn about the process of

creating Java programs and constructs
for input, output, branching, looping, as
well some of the history behind Java’s
development.

James Tam
 Java Vs. Java Script

Java (this is what you need to know for this course)

- A complete programming language developed by Sun
- Can be used to develop either web based or stand-alone software
- Many pre-created code libraries available
- For more complex and powerful programs

Java Script (not covered in this course)

- A small language that’s mostly used for web-based applications (run
through a web browser like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Chrome)
- Good for programming simple special effects for your web page e.g., roll-
overs
- e.g.,
http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~tamj/2005/231P/assignments/assignment4/i
ndex.html

James Tam
 Java: History

•Computers of the past

James Tam
 Java: History (2)

•The invention of the microprocessor revolutionized

computers

Intel microprocessor

Commodore Pet microcomputer

James Tam
 Java: History (3)

•It was believed that the logical next step for microprocessors
was to have them run intelligent consumer electronics

James Tam
 Java History (4)

•Sun Microsystems funded an internal research project “Green”

to investigate this opportunity.
- Result: A programming language called “Oak”

Blatant advertisement: James Gosling was a

graduate of the U of C Computer Science
program.

Wav file from “The Simpsons” © Fox, Image from the website of Sun Microsystems James Tam
 Java History (5)

- Problem: There was already a programming language called Oak.

- The “Green” team met at a local coffee shop to come up with
another name...
• Java!

James Tam
 Java: History (6)

•The concept of intelligent devices didn’t catch

on.
•Project Green and work on the Java language
was nearly canceled.

James Tam
 Java: History (7)

•The popularity of the Internet resulted in Sun’s re-focusing of

Java on computers.
•Prior to the advent of Java, web pages allowed you to download
only text and images.

Your computer at home Server containing a

running a web browser web page

User clicks on a link

Images and text get

downloaded

James Tam
 Java: History (8)

•Java enabled web browsers allowed for the downloading of

programs (Applets).
•Java is still used in this context today:
- Facebook (older version)
- Hotmail (older version)

Your computer at home Server containing

running a web browser a web page

User clicks on a link

Java Applet downloaded

Java version of the Game of Life: http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/

Online checkers: http://www.darkfish.com/checkers/index.html James Tam
 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere

• Consequence of Java’s history:

platform-independence

Click on link to Applet

Mac user running Safari

Web page stored on Unix server
Virtual machine translates byte code to
native Mac code and the Applet is run Byte code is downloaded

Windows user running Internet Explorer

Byte code
(part of web
page)

James Tam
 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere

• Consequence of Java’s history:

platform-independent

Mac user running Safari

Web page stored on Unix server

Click on link to Applet

Byte code is downloaded

Windows user running Internet Explorer

Virtual machine translates byte code to

native Windows code and the Applet is run

James Tam
 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere (2)

•But Java can also create standard (non-web based) programs

Dungeon Master (Java version) Kung Fu Panda 2: THQ

http://homepage.mac.com/aberfield/dmj/

Examples of mobile Java games: http://www.mobilegamesarena.net James Tam

 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere (3)

•Java has been used by large and reputable companies to create

serious stand-alone applications.
•Example:
- Eclipse1: started as a programming environment created by IBM for
developing Java programs. The program Eclipse was itself written in Java.

1 For more information: http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/ James Tam

 Compiled Programs With Different
Operating Systems

Windows
compiler

Executable (Windows)

Mac OS
Computer compiler
program
Executable (Mac)

UNIX
compiler

Executable (UNIX)

James Tam
 A High Level View Of Translating/Executing Java
Programs

Stage 1: Compilation

Filename.java Java compiler Filename.class

(javac)
Java
Java program bytecode
(generic
binary)

James Tam
 A High Level View Of Translating/Executing Java
Programs (2)

Stage 2: Interpreting and executing the byte code

Machine language
instruction (UNIX)

Filename.class Java interpreter Machine language

(java) instruction (Windows)
Java
bytecode
(generic
binary) Machine language
instruction (Apple)

James Tam
 Which Java?

•Java 6+ JDK (Java Development Kit), Standard Edition

includes:
- JDK (Java development kit) – for developing Java software (creating
Java programs.
- JRE (Java Runtime environment) – only good for running pre-created
Java programs.
• Java Plug-in – a special version of the JRE designed to run through web
browsers.

http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index.jsp James Tam

 Location Of Online Examples For This Section

•Course website:
- www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~tamj/219/examples/intro

•UNIX directory:
- /home/219/examples/intro

James Tam
Smallest Compilable And Executable Java Program

The name of the online example is: Smallest.java (Important note:

file name matches the word after the keyword ‘class’)

public class Smallest

{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
}
}

James Tam
 Creating, Compiling And Running Java Programs
On The Computer Science Network

Java program Type it in with the text editor of your choice

filename.java
(Unix file)

Java compiler
javac
Java byte code
filename.class
To compile the program at the (UNIX file)
command line type "javac
filename.java"
Java Interpreter
jav
a
To run the interpreter, at
the command line type
"java filename" James Tam
 Compiling The Smallest Java Program

Smallest.java
public class Smallest
Type “javac
{ Smallest.java”
public static void main (String[] args)
{
}
}

javac
Smallest.class
(Java byte code)
10000100000001000
00100100000001001
: :

James Tam
 Running The Smallest Java Program

Smallest.class
(Java byte code)
10000100000001000
00100100000001001
: :

java

Type “java Smallest” (Platform/Operating specific binary

10100111000001000
00100111001111001
: :

James Tam
 Running The Java Compiler At Home

•After installing Java you will need to indicate to the operating

system where the java compiler has been installed (‘setting the
path’).
•For details of how to set your path variable for your particular
operating system try the Sun or Java website.
•Example of how to set the path in Windows:
- http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/install-windows.html (see step 5)

James Tam
 Documentation / Comments

Multi-line documentation
/* Start of documentation
*/ End of documentation

Documentation for a single line

//Everything until the end of the line is a comment

James Tam
 Review: What Should You Document

•Program (or that portion of the program) author

•What does the program as a while do e.g., tax program.
•What are the specific features of the program e.g., it calculates
personal or small business tax.
•What are it’s limitations e.g., it only follows Canadian tax laws
and cannot be used in the US. In Canada it doesn’t calculate
taxes for organizations with yearly gross earnings over $1
billion.
•What is the version of the program
- If you don’t use numbers for the different versions of your program then
consider using dates (tie versions with program features).

James Tam
 Important Note

•Each Java instruction must be followed by a semi-colon!

General format Examples

Instruction1; int num = 0;
Instruction2; System.out.println(num);
Instruction3; : :
: :

James Tam
 Java Output
•Format:
System.out.print(<string or variable name one> + <string or variable name
two>..);
OR
System.out.println(<string or variable name one> + <string or variable
name two>..);

•Examples (online program called “OutputExample1.java”)

public class OutputExample1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num = 123; // More on this shortly
System.out.println("Good-night gracie!");
System.out.print(num);
System.out.println("num="+num);
}
}
James Tam
Output : Some Escape Sequences For Formatting

Escape sequence Description

\t Horizontal tab

\r Carriage return

\n New line

\” Double quote

\\ Backslash

James Tam
 Example Formatting Codes

•Name of the online example: FormattingExample.java

public class FormattingExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
System.out.print("lol\tz\n");
System.out.println("hello\rworld");
System.out.println("\"Geek\" talk slash (\\) com");
}
}

James Tam
 Variables

•Unlike Python variables must be declared before they can be

used.
•Variable declaration:
- Creates a variable in memory.
- Specify the name of the variable as well as the type of information that it
will store.
- E.g. int num;
- Although requiring variables to be explicitly declared appears to be an
unnecessary chore it can actually be useful for minimizing insidious logic
errors.
•Using variables
- Only after a variable has been declared can it be used.
- E.g., num = 12;

James Tam
 Declaring Variables: Syntax

•Format:
<type of information> <name of variable>;

•Example:
char myFirstInitial;

•Variables can be initialized (set to a starting value) as they’re

declared:
char myFirstInitial = ‘j’;
int age = 30;

James Tam
Some Built-In Types Of Variables In Java

Type Description
byte 8 bit signed integer

short 16 but signed integer

int 32 bit signed integer

long 64 bit signed integer

float 32 bit signed real number

double 64 bit signed real number

char 16 bit Unicode character (ASCII and

beyond)
boolean 1 bit true or false value

String A sequence of characters between double

quotes ("")
James Tam
 Location Of Variable Declarations

public class <name of class>

{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Local variable declarations occur here

<< Program statements >>

: :

}
}

James Tam
 Style Hint: Initializing Variables

•Always initialize your variables prior to using them!

- Do this whether it is syntactically required or not.
•Example how not to approach:

public class OutputExample1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num;
System.out.print(num);
}
}

OutputExample1.java:7: error: variable

num might not have been initialized
System.out.print(num);
^
James Tam
 Java Constants

Reminder: constants are like variables in that they have a name

and store a certain type of information but unlike variables they
CANNOT change. (Unlike Python this is syntactically
enforced…hurrah!).

Format:
final <constant type> <CONSTANT NAME> = <value>;

Example:
final int SIZE = 100;

James Tam
 Location Of Constant Declarations
public class <name of class>
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Local constant declarations occur here (more later)
// Local variable declarations

< Program statements >>

: :

}
}

James Tam
 Why Use Constants?

1. They make your program easier to read and understand

populationChange = (0.1758 – 0.1257) * currentPopulation;

Vs.
final float BIRTH_RATE = 17.58;
final float MORTALITY_RATE = 0.1257;
int currentPopulation = 1000000;
populationChange = (BIRTH_RATE - MORTALITY_RATE) *
currentPopulation;

James Tam
 Why Use Constants? (2)

2. It can make your program easier to maintain (update with

changes).
- If the constant is referred to several times throughout the program,
changing the value of the constant once will change it throughout the
program.

James Tam
 Why Use Constants? (3)
final float BIRTH_RATE = 0.1758;
final float MORTALITY_RATE = 0.1257;
float populationChange = 0;
float currentPopulation = 1000000;
populationChange = (BIRTH_RATE - MORTALITY_RATE) * currentPopulation;
if (populationChange > 0)
System.out.println("Increase“)
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+ BIRTH_RATE + " Mortality rate:“ +
MORTALITY_RATE, " + Population change:“ + populationChange);
else if (populationChange < 0)
System.out.println("Decrease“);
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE
+"Population change:“+populationChange);
else
System.out.print("No change“);
System.out.print("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE+
"Population change:“+populationChange);

James Tam
 Why Use Constants? (4) One change in the
initialization of the
constant changes all
final float BIRTH_RATE = 0.5; references to that
final float MORTALITY_RATE = 0.1257; constant.
float populationChange = 0;
float currentPopulation = 1000000;
populationChange = (BIRTH_RATE - MORTALITY_RATE) * currentPopulation;
if (populationChange > 0)
System.out.println("Increase“)
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+ BIRTH_RATE + " Mortality rate:“ +
MORTALITY_RATE, " + Population change:“ + populationChange);
else if (populationChange < 0)
System.out.println("Decrease“);
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE
+"Population change:“+populationChange);
else
System.out.print("No change“);
System.out.print("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE+
"Population change:“+populationChange);

James Tam
 Variable Naming Conventions In Java

• Compiler requirements
- Can’t be a keyword nor can the names of the special constants: true,
false or null be used
- Can be any combination of letters, numbers, underscore or dollar sign
(first character must be a letter or underscore)

• Common stylistic conventions

- The name should describe the purpose of the variable
- Avoid using the dollar sign
- With single word variable names, all characters are lower case
• e.g., double grades;
- Multiple words are separated by capitalizing the first letter of each
word except for the first word
• e.g., String firstName = “James”;

James Tam
 Java Keywords

abstract boolean break byte case catch char

class const continue default do double else

extends final finally float for goto if

implements import instanceof int interface long native

new package private protected public return short

static super switch synchronized this throw throws

transient try void volatile while

James Tam
 Common Java Operators / Operator Precedence

Precedence Operator Description Associativity

level

1 expression++ Post-increment Right to left

expression-- Post-decrement

2 ++expression Pre-increment Right to left

--expression Pre-decrement
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
! Logical negation
~ Bitwise complement
(type) Cast

James Tam
 Common Java Operators / Operator Precedence

Precedence Operator Description Associativity

level

3 * Multiplication Left to right

/ Division
% Remainder/modulus
4 + Addition or String Left to right
concatenation
- Subtraction
5 << Left bitwise shift Left to right
>> Right bitwise shift

James Tam
 Common Java Operators / Operator Precedence

Precedence Operator Description Associativity

level

6 < Less than Left to right

<= Less than, equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than, equal to
7 == Equal to Left to right
!= Not equal to
8 & Bitwise AND Left to right

9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR Left to right

James Tam
 Common Java Operators / Operator Precedence

Precedence Operator Description Associativity

level
10 | Bitwise OR Left to right

11 && Logical AND Left to right

12 || Logical OR Left to right

James Tam
 Common Java Operators / Operator Precedence

Precedence Operator Description Associativity

level

13 = Assignment Right to left

+= Add, assignment
-= Subtract, assignment
*= Multiply, assignment
/= Division, assignment
%= Remainder, assignment
&= Bitwise AND, assignment
^= Bitwise XOR, assignment
|= Bitwise OR, assignment
<<= Left shift, assignment
>>= Right shift, assignment

James Tam
 Post/Pre Operators
The name of the online example is: Order1.java

public class Order1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num = 5;
System.out.println(num);
num++;
System.out.println(num);
++num;
System.out.println(num);
System.out.println(++num);
System.out.println(num++);
}
}
James Tam
 Post/Pre Operators (2)

The name of the online example is: Order2.java

public class Order2

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num1;
int num2;
num1 = 5;
num2 = ++num1 * num1++;
System.out.println("num1=" + num1);
System.out.println("num2=" + num2);
}
}

James Tam
 Unary Operator/Order/Associativity

The name of the online example: Unary_Order3.java

public class Unary_Order3.java

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num = 5;
float fl;
System.out.println(num);
num = num * -num;
System.out.println(num);
}
}

James Tam
 Accessing Pre-Created Java Libraries

•It’s accomplished by placing an ‘import’ of the appropriate

library at the top of your program.
•Syntax:
import <Full library name>;

•Example:
import java.util.Scanner;

James Tam
 Getting Text Input

•You can use the pre-written methods (functions) in the Scanner

class.
•General structure:
import java.util.Scanner;
Creating a
scanner object
main (String [] args) (something
that can scan
{
user input)
Scanner <name of scanner> = new Scanner (System.in);
<variable> = <name of scanner> .<method> ();
}

Using the capability of

the scanner object
(actually getting user
input)

James Tam
 Getting Text Input (2)

The name of the online example: MyInput.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class MyInput

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
String str1;
int num1;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Type in an integer: ");
num1 = in.nextInt ();
System.out.print ("Type in a line: ");
in.nextLine ();
str1 = in.nextLine ();
System.out.println ("num1:" +num1 +"\t str1:" + str1);
}
}

James Tam
 Useful Methods Of Class Scanner1

• nextInt ()
• nextLong ()
• nextFloat ()
• nextDouble ()
• nextLine ();

1 Online documentation: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/ James Tam

 Reading A Single Character

•Text menu driven programs may require this capability.

•Example:
GAME OPTIONS
(a)dd a new player
(l)oad a saved game
(s)ave game
(q)uit game
•There’s different ways of handling this problem but one
approach is to extract the first character from the string.
•Partial example:
String s = "boo“;
System.out.println(s.charAt(0));

James Tam
 Reading A Single Character
•Name of the (more complete example): MyInputChar.java

import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyInputChar
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
String selection;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println("GAME OPTIONS");
System.out.println("(a)dd a new player");
System.out.println("(l)oad a saved game");
System.out.println("(s)ave game");
System.out.println("(q)uit game");
System.out.print("Enter your selection: ");

James Tam
 Reading A Single Character (2)
selection = in.nextLine ();
System.out.println ("Selection: " + selection.charAt(FIRST));
}
}

James Tam
 Decision Making In Java

•Java decision making constructs

- if
- if, else
- if, else-if
- switch

James Tam
 Decision Making: Logical Operators

Logical Operation Python Java

AND and &&

OR or ||

NOT not, ! !

James Tam
 Decision Making: If

Format: • Indenting the body of

if (Boolean Expression) the branch is an
Body important stylistic
requirement of Java
but unlike Python it is
Example: not enforced by the
if (x != y) syntax of the
System.out.println("X and Y are not equal"); language.
• What distinguishes the
if ((x > 0) && (y > 0)) body is either:
{ 1.A semi colon (single
statement branch)
System.out.println("X and Y are positive");
} 2.Braces (a body that
consists of multiple
statements)

James Tam
 Decision Making: If, Else

Format:
if (Boolean expression)
Body of if
else
Body of else

Example:
if (x < 0)
System.out.println("X is negative");
else
System.out.println("X is non-negative");

James Tam
 Example Program: If-Else
•Name of the online example: BranchingExample1.java
import java.util.Scanner;

public class BranchingExample1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
final int WINNING_NUMBER = 131313;
int playerNumber = -1;

System.out.print("Enter ticket number: ");

playerNumber = in.nextInt();
if (playerNumber == WINNING_NUMBER)
System.out.println("You're a winner!");
else
System.out.println("Try again.");
}
}

James Tam
 If, Else-If

Format:
if (Boolean expression)
Body of if
else if (Boolean expression)
Body of first else-if
: : :
else if (Boolean expression)
Body of last else-if
else
Body of else

James Tam
 If, Else-If (2)

Name of the online example: BranchingExample.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class BranchingExample2

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
int gpa = -1;
System.out.print("Enter letter grade: ");
gpa = in.nextInt();

James Tam
 If, Else-If (3)
if (gpa == 4)
System.out.println("A");
else if (gpa == 3)
System.out.println("B");
else if (gpa == 2)
System.out.println("C");
else if (gpa == 1)
System.out.println("D");
else if (gpa == 0)
System.out.println("F");
else
System.out.println("Invalid letter grade");
}
}

James Tam
 Branching: Common Mistakes

•Recall that for single bodies: what lies between the closing
bracket of the Boolean expression and the next semi-colon is
the body.
if (Boolean Expression)
instruction;

body body

if (Boolean Expression) instruction;

if (Boolean Expression)
instruction1; body
Instruction2;

James Tam
 Branching: Now What Happens???
if (Boolean Expression):
instruction1;
instruction2;

James Tam
 Alternative To Multiple Else-If’s: Switch

Format (character-based switch):

switch (character variable name)
{ Important! The break is
case '<character value>': mandatory to separate
Body Boolean expressions
break; (must be used in all but
the last)
case '<character value>':
Body
break;
:
default:
Body
}

1 The type of variable in the brackets can be a byte, char, short, int or long

James Tam
 Alternative To Multiple Else-If’s: Switch (2)

Format (integer based switch):

switch (integer variable name)
{
case <integer value>:
Body
break;

case <integer value>:

Body
break;
:
default:
Body
}

1 The type of variable in the brackets can be a byte, char, short, int or long

James Tam
 Switch: When To Use/When Not To Use

•Benefit (when to use):

- It may produce simpler code than using an if-elseif (e.g., if there are
multiple compound conditions)

James Tam
 Switch: When To Use/When Not To Use (2)

•Name of the online example: SwitchExample.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SwitchExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
String line;
char letter;
int gpa;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print("Enter letter grade: ");

James Tam
 Switch: When To Use/When Not To Use (3)
line = in.nextLine ();
letter = line.charAt(FIRST);
switch (letter)
{
case 'A':
case 'a':
gpa = 4;
break;

case 'B':
case 'b':
gpa = 3;
break;

case 'C':
case 'c':
gpa = 2;
break;
James Tam
 Switch: When To Use/When Not To Use (4)
case 'D':
case 'd':
gpa = 1;
break;

case 'F':
case 'f':
gpa = 0;
break;

default:
gpa = -1;

}
System.out.println("Letter grade: " + letter);
System.out.println("Grade point: " + gpa);
}
}
James Tam
 Switch: When To Use/When Not To Use (5)

•When a switch can’t be used:

- For data types other than characters or integers
- Boolean expressions that aren’t mutually exclusive:
• As shown a switch can replace an ‘if-elseif’ construct
• A switch cannot replace a series of ‘if’ branches).
- Example when not to use a switch:
if (x > 0)
System.out.print(“X coordinate right of the origin”);
If (y > 0)
System.out.print(“Y coordinate above the origin”);
- Example of when not to use a switch:
String name = in.readLine()
switch (name)
{

James Tam
 Switch Example: Modified

•What happens if all the ‘break’ instructions have been removed?

James Tam
 Loops

Python loops
• Pre-test loops: for, while
Java Pre-test loops
• For
• While
Java Post-test loop
• Do-while

James Tam
 While Loops

Format:
while (Boolean expression)
Body

Example:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 4)
{
// Call function
createNewPlayer();
i = i + 1;
}

James Tam
 For Loops

Format:
for (initialization; Boolean expression; update control)
Body

Example:
for (i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
{
// Call function
createNewPlayer();
i = i + 1;
}

James Tam
 Post-Test Loop: Do-While

•Recall: Post-test loops evaluate the Boolean expression after the

body of the loop has executed.
•This means that post test loops will execute one or more times.
•Pre-test loops generally execute zero or more times.

James Tam
 Do-While Loops

Format:
do
Body
while (Boolean expression);

Example:
char ch = 'A';
do
{
System.out.println(ch);
ch++;
}
while (ch <= 'K');
James Tam
 Contrasting Pre Vs. Post Test Loops

•Although slightly more work to implement the while loop is the

most powerful type of loop.
•Program capabilities that are implemented with either a ‘for’ or
‘do-while’ loop can be implemented with a while loop.
•Implementing a post test loop requires that the loop control be
primed correctly (set to a value such that the Boolean
expression will evaluate to true the first it’s checked).

James Tam
 Example: Post-Test Implementation
•Name of the online example: PostTestExample.java

public class PostTestExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
char answer;
String temp;
do
{
System.out.println("JT's note: Pretend that we play our game");
System.out.print("Play again? Enter 'q' to quit: ");
temp = in.nextLine();
answer = temp.charAt(FIRST);
} while ((answer != 'q') && (answer != 'Q'));
}
}
James Tam
 Example: Pre-Test Implementation
•Name of the online example: PreTestExample.java

public class PreTestExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
char answer = ' ';
String temp;
while ((answer != 'q') && (answer != 'Q'))
{
System.out.println("JT's note: Pretend that we play our game");
System.out.print("Play again? Enter 'q' to quit: ");
temp = in.nextLine();
answer = temp.charAt(FIRST);
}
}
}
James Tam
 Now What Happens???
import java.util.Scanner;

public class PreTestExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
char answer = ' ';
String temp;
while ((answer != 'q') && (answer != 'Q'))
System.out.println("JT's note: Pretend that we play our game");
System.out.print("Play again? Enter 'q' to quit: ");
temp = in.nextLine();
answer = temp.charAt(FIRST);
}
}

James Tam
 Many Pre-Created Classes Have Been Created

•Rule of thumb: Before writing new program code to implement

the features of your program you should check to see if a class
has already been written with the features that you need.
•The Java API is Sun Microsystems's collection of pre-built Java
classes:
- http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/

James Tam
 After This Section You Should Now Know

•How Java was developed and the impact of it's roots on the
language
•The basic structure required in creating a simple Java program
as well as how to compile and run programs
•How to document a Java program
•How to perform text based input and output in Java
•The declaration of constants and variables
•What are the common Java operators and how they work
•The structure and syntax of decision making and looping
constructs

James Tam