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Thesis
2024 - 2025
Seminar

Review of
Related
Literature

Pages Whisper, Minds

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 The Literature Review Literature reviews are
designed to provide an
overview of sources you
A literature review surveys have used in researching a
prior research published in particular topic and to
books, scholarly articles, demonstrate to your
and any other sources readers how your research
relevant to a particular fits within existing
issue, area of research, or scholarly context of the
theory, and by so doing,
topic.
provides a description,
summary, and critical
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research
evaluation of these works Literature Reviews: From the Internet to
in relation to the research Paper. Fourth edition. Thousand Oaks,
problem being CA: SAGE, 2014.
1 investigated. 2_
 Contents of RRL 4. General and specific
findings of studies related
to the problem.
1. Ground information
about the problem and 5. Recommendations for
related. further study given in
related studies
2. Theories that explain the
existence of the problem
and the possible connection
between certain factors
and the problem.
3. Data that confirms the
existence and seriousness
of the problem.
3 4_
 Purpose of RRL 5. It enables the researcher
to learn how to
conceptualize a research
1. It helps the researcher problem and properly
identify and define a identify and operationally
research problem. define study variables.
2. It helps justify the need 6. It helps formulate and
for studying a problem. refine research
3. It prevents unnecessary instruments.
duplication of a study.
7. It provides lesson for
4. It can be a source of data analysis and
theoretical basis for the interpretation.
study.
5 6_
 Starting RRL Understand Existing
Knowledge:
Start Reviewing Know what is already known
Literature Early: about the problem.
Begin reviewing literature Identify what earlier
while conceptualizing the researchers have found.
research.
Determine what questions
Identify and define the still need to be answered
research problem. before finalizing research
Show evidence that the questions or objectives.
problem exists and is worth
investigating

7 8_
 Use Theories to Explain Ensure adequate literature
the Problem: has been read at the start
Generate theories from of the research activity.
reference books or
related studies.
Use these theories to
explain the existence of
the research problem.
Analyze relationships
between variables based
Imai, H. (n.d.). Review of Related
on these theories. Literature Presentation.
Www.Slideshare.Net.
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/revi
ew-of-related-literature-presentation/
40834012
9 10_
 Example of RRL

11 12_
 Types of Related Literature Research Literature:
These consist of studies,
research papers, theses,
Conceptual Literature: and dissertations, both
These are non-research published and unpublished,
reference materials written that have a bearing on the
by authorities on the current research.
subject. They embody Sources: Academic
experiences, viewpoints, journals, conference papers,
and interpretations related theses, dissertations, and
to the research study. other research publications.
Sources: Encyclopedias, Tan, C. B. (2006). A Research Guide in
books, journals, and other Nursing Education (3rd ed.). Visual Print
publications. Enterprises.
13 14_
 Types of Literature Review Integrative Review:
Reviews, critiques, and
synthesizes literature on a
Argumentative Review: topic to generate new
Selectively examines frameworks and
literature to support or perspectives.
refute an argument or Scope: Includes all studies
assumption. addressing related or
Use: Common in value- identical hypotheses or
laden social science research problems.
research (e.g., educational Common Use: Most
reform, immigration common form of review in
control). the social sciences.
Caution: Can introduce bias
if used to make broad
15 16_
summary claims.
 Historical Review: Methodological Review:
Examines research over a Focuses on how research
period of time, tracing the findings were obtained,
evolution of an issue, rather than what was found.
concept, theory, or Scope: Reviews methods of
phenomenon. analysis, providing a
Goal: Places research in a framework for
historical context to show understanding different
developments and identify research levels (theory,
future research directions. substantive fields, research
approaches, data collection,
and analysis techniques).
Ethical Considerations:
Highlights ethical issues to
consider in your own study.
17 18_
 Systematic Review: Theoretical Review:
Provides an overview of Examines the body of
existing evidence on a theory related to an issue,
clearly formulated research concept, theory, or
question using standardized phenomenon.
methods. Goal: Establishes existing
Goal: Documents, critically theories, their relationships,
evaluates, and summarizes and the degree of
all research on a defined investigation, and develops
problem. new hypotheses.
Focus: Often focuses on Use: Helps identify gaps in
specific empirical questions, theories or reveal
typically in a cause-and- inadequacies in current
effect form. theories for explaining new
research problems
19 20_
 How would you
classify this type of
review?

21 22_
 Source of
information for Secondary Source –
literature review Materials for the review are
taken from a researcher or
Primary Source – an author who cited the
Information and data for the original author in their work.
review are taken directly
from the original research or Examples: Review articles,
author of the reference meta-analyses, books that
material. summarize research, and
articles that cite original
Examples: Published or studies.
unpublished articles,
journals, original research
studies, dissertations, and
conference papers.
23 24_
 Tertiary Source – These Citing video in APA style
sources compile and 7th edition with the name
summarize information from of uploader
primary and secondary
sources. Heinz, k. [ANU library].
(2020, Aug 5). Primary,
Examples: Encyclopedias, Secondary and Tertiary
textbooks, dictionaries, and Sources [Video].
databases. https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=SzdSAOyZDfI

ANU library. (2020, Aug 5). Primary,

Secondary and Tertiary Sources [Video].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SzdSAOyZDfI APA - American
Psychological Association
25 26_
Which Type of Information
Source is This?

Apply Concept Mapping

27 28_
Which Type of Information
Source is This?

Apply Concept Mapping

Reading
Comprehensio
n

27 28_
Which Type of Information
Source is This?

Apply Concept Mapping

Methods of
learning

Stages of
Reading Development
Comprehensio
n
Reading Levels

27 28_
 Structure of
4. Identify which works are
Literature Review most convincing and
contribute significantly to
1. Provide an overview of understanding the research
the subject, issue, or theory, problem.
and state the objectives of
the review.
2. Divide the works into
themes or categories (e.g.,
supporting, opposing,
alternative approaches).
3. Explain how each work is
similar to and different from
the others

29 30_
 In-text Citations
(APA) a period after ‘et.’ When citing
One Work by single author within the text, use ‘and,’ and in
parentheses, use the ‘&’ symbol.
- Smith (1983) compared
reaction times
- One Work by three or more
In a recent study of reaction
authors
times it was found that
(Smith,1983)
- Williams, Jones, Smith, Bradner
- and Torringon (1983) foundv
In 1983, Smith compared
(first citation)
reaction times
- Researchers (Williams, Jones,
When citing a work by three or Smith, Bradner, & Torringon,
more authors, include all authors’ 1983) found (first citation)
names the first time the reference - Williams et al. (1983) found
appears. In subsequent citations, (subsequent citations)
use only the surname of the first
author followed by ‘et al.’ (which
means ‘and others’ in Latin),
without underlining and without
31 32_
 Quoting:
Citing multiple articles at one
time Use when you want to reproduce
Separate two or more citations an exact definition from the
with semi-colon and list in source.
alphabetical order.
How It Works:
- Several studies have shown
that monozygotic twins tend to Enclose the quoted text in double
be more similar than dizygotic quotation marks.
twins on this dimension (Dunn
Include the author’s name,
& Plomin, 1986; Plomin,
publication year, and page
DeFries, & Fulker, 1998). (first
citation) number (if applicable) in your
citation.
Example (in APA style): “Like
other marine animals living near
heavily populated coasts, horse
conchs have lost considerable
habitat to development and
33 34_
pollution” (Barnett, 2022, p. 123).
 Paraphrasing:
Evaluation Criteria
Paraphrasing means expressing Provenance: Check the
someone else’s ideas using your
author’s credentials and the
own words.
evidence they use.
How It Works:
Methodology: Assess if the
Understand the original text
thoroughly.
data collection and analysis
methods are suitable.
Write the idea in your own words
without looking at the source. Objectivity: See if the author
is unbiased and considers
opposing views.
Example (paraphrased from
Barnett, 2022): “Due to Persuasiveness: Identify the
development, pollution, and strongest and weakest
climate change, horse conchs— arguments.
like other marine animals near Validity: Evaluate how well
populated coasts—have lost
the work contributes to
breeding grounds and face
understanding the topic.
35 additional pressure.” 36_
 Different Citation
Styles Subsequent Citations:
-APA Style -(Smith)
-MLA Style (Modern Language -Smith notes that…
Association)
Chicago Style
-Chicago Style
-Harvard Style First Citation:
Subsequent -John Smith, Title of
Book (City: Publisher, 2020), 15.
Citations
APA Style Subsequent Citations:
First Citation: -Smith, Title of Book, 20.
-(Smith, 2020, p. 15) - Smith, 25.
Subsequent Citations: Harvard Style
-(Smith, 2020) First Citation:
-Smith (2020) found that… -(Smith, 2020, p. 15)
MLA Style Subsequent Citations:
First Citation: -(Smith, 2020)
-(Smith 15) -According to Smith (2020)…

37 38_
 Citing Multiple
MLA Style
Articles at One Time
In MLA style, you list multiple
APA Style sources within the same
When citing multiple works in the parentheses, separated by
same parentheses, list them in semicolons:
alphabetical order by the first
author’s last name, separated by Example: (Smith 45; Johnson 23;
semicolons: Lee 78)
Chicago Style
Example: (Adams et al., 2019;
Shumway & Shulman, 2015; In Chicago style, you can list
Westinghouse, 2017) multiple sources in the same
note, separated by semicolons:
If citing multiple works by the
same author, list them by year of
publication, separated by Example: 1. John Smith, Title of
commas: Book (City: Publisher, 2020), 15;
Jane Doe, Another Book (City:
Publisher, 2018), 22.
39 Example: (Smith, 2015, 2017, 40_
2019)
 Basic Writing
Harvard Style
In Harvard style, list multiple sources
Literature Review
within the same parentheses,
separated by semicolons: 1. Problem Formulation:
Identify the topic or field you are
Example: (Smith, 2015; Johnson, examining and outline its key
2017; Lee, 2019) issues.
2. Literature Search: Locate
Tip: Consider excluding sources from and gather materials that are
your bibliography if they are widely relevant to your subject.
known or familiar to your readers. 3. Data Evaluation: Assess
which pieces of literature
Which citation style significantly contribute to
is used in this? understanding your topic
4. Analysis and Interpretation:
Discuss the findings and
conclusions from the relevant
41 literature. 42_
 Writing Example

Review Short Quotations (Fewer than

40 Words):
Format: Enclose the quote within
double quotation marks.
Citation: Include the author’s name,
publication year, and page number in
parentheses immediately after the
quote.

Example:
According to Smith (2020),
“Adolescents who spend more than
three hours per day on social media
are at a higher risk of experiencing
symptoms of depression and
43 anxiety” (p. 45). 44_
 General Format of
Block Quotations (40 Words or Literature Review
More):
Format: Start the quote on a new Introduction:
line and indent the entire block -The general problem and the
0.5 inches from the left margin. variables should be defined.
Do not use quotation marks. - Highlight important data such as the
Citation: Place the citation after theory, methodology or even gaps in
the closing punctuation mark. the literature.
-Consider relevance when choosing
which resources to include and assess
Example: whether a source is pertinent or
Smith (2020) found the following: irrelevant for your research.
Adolescents who spend more than
three hours per day on social
media are at a higher risk of
experiencing symptoms of
depression and anxiety. This
finding suggests a significant
correlation between screen time
and mental health issues among
45 young people. (p. 45) 46_
 The body: Conclusion:
-Chosen authors, conclusion of -Critical evaluation of the state of
authors, specific objective and the current knowledge.
like should be included. -Synthesis the previous parts
-Literature should be summarized. indicating questions and gaps
that have yet to be resolved.
-The outcome of this section will
be the formulation of a specific
research problem(question or
hypothesis) that the researcher
will attempt to resolve in future
investigation.

47 48_
 Method to organize
your Literature 3. Methodological Approach:
Review 1. Concentrate on research
1.Chronological Method: methods used by scholars.
1. Organize your review based 2. For instance, analyze
on the order of publication cultural differences in how
dates. American presidents are
portrayed on websites.
2. Use this approach if there’s
a clear progression of
research building on
previous studies.

Wordvice.com
2.Thematic (Conceptual)
Method:
1. Focus on themes or issues
rather than chronological
order.
2. Incorporate thematic
49 categories related to your 50_
 Tips in Writing Literature
Review
Ex. Suitable voice for
1. Quotations should be extremely academic writing The
rare in scientific writing and should literature on treating juvenile
only be used if exact wording or murderers is sparse and
terminology is needed.
suffers from the same
problems as the general
2. Voice: Avoid 1st person (Galvan,
2004, P.54) – a common practice to literature most of the
maintain objectivity and formality. (I, treatment results are based
My, We) on clinical reports.

Ex. Improper voice for 3. Avoid slang. Use professional

academic writing In this review, language.
I will show that the literature on -Used conducted a study
treating juvenile murdered is
instead of did a study
sparce and suffers from the same
-Examined instead of looked
problems as the general
literature. Unfortunately, I have at
found that most of the treatment -Utilized instead of use (where
results are based on clinical case appropriate)
51 reports of… -Great deal instead of a lot 52_
 -Furthermore instead of run-on
sentences
(use transitional word to connect “Numerous tips
the idea)
and techniques
4. Organize the paper by topics not
chronology: build paper with a clear exist for writing a
thesis. Good writing should provide
clear and organized evidence for your literature review.
argument or theory.
However, the best
5. Be concise: delete unnecessary
words, phrases and sentences to practice is to
drastically improve your writing.
begin writing your
own as soon as
possible.”
53 54_
 End of RRL
55 Mark Florence C. Villamil
Thank You