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Chapter 7

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15 views15 pages

Chapter 7

Uploaded by

Abinet Arba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

Structured Query Language(SQL)

Contents
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Basic SQL Queries

1
SQL Data Definition
• SQL uses the terms table, row, and column for the formal
relational model terms relation, tuple, and attribute,
respectively.
• The main SQL command for data definition is the CREATE
statement, which can be used to create schemas, tables
(relations), and domains.
The CREATE TABLE Command in SQL
 The CREATE TABLE command is used to specify a new
relation by giving it a name and specifying its attributes and
initial constraints or their data types (INTEGER, FLOAT,
DECIMAL(i.j), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)).
 The attributes are specified first, and each attribute is given a
name, a data type to specify its domain of values, and any
attribute constraints, such as NOT NULL. 2
Example for CREATE TABLE
1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
( Fname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
Minit CHAR,
Lname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
Ssn CHAR(9) NOT NULL,
Bdate DATE,
Address VARCHAR(30),
Sex CHAR,
Salary DECIMAL(10,2),
Super_ssn CHAR(9),
Dno INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (Ssn),
FOREIGN KEY (Super_ssn) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(Ssn),
FOREIGN KEY (Dno) REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(Dnumber) ); 3
Con’t…
2. CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT
( Dname VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
Dnumber INT NOT NULL,
Mgr_ssn CHAR(9) NOT NULL,
Mgr_start_date DATE,
PRIMARY KEY (Dnumber),
UNIQUE (Dname),
FOREIGN KEY (Mgr_ssn) REFERENCES
EMPLOYEE(Ssn) );

4
SQL Data Manipulation Language

• The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to retrieve,


insert and modify database information.
• These commands will be used by all database users during the
routine operation of the database.
• In SQL, three commands can be used to modify the database:
INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE. We discuss each of these in
turn.
Basic SQL Queries
Retrieval Queries in SQL
SQL has one basic statement for retrieving information from a
database; the SELECT statement.

5
Con’t…
• Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is called a mapping
or a SELECT-FROM-WHERE block

SELECT <attribute list>


FROM <table list>
WHERE <condition>

– <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are


to be retrieved by the query
– <table list> is a list of the relation names required to
process the query
– <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that
identifies the tuples to be retrieved by the query

6
Employee table

7
Department table

8
Con’t…
• Query 0: Retrieve the birthdate and address of the employee
whose name is 'John B. Smith'.

Q0:SELECT BDATE, ADDRESS


FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE FNAME='John' AND MINIT='B’
AND LNAME='Smith’;

• Query 1: Retrieve the name and address of all employees who


work for the 'Research' department.

Q1:SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS


FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research' AND
DNUMBER=DNO;
9
A. INSERT Command
• In its simplest form, it is used to add one or more tuples to a relation.
• Attribute values should be listed in the same order as the attributes were
specified in the CREATE TABLE command.
Example:
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES ('Richard','K','Marini', '653298653', '30-DEC-52','98
Oak Forest,Katy,TX', 'M', 37000,'987654321', 4 );

• An alternate form of INSERT specifies explicitly the attribute names that


correspond to the values in the new tuple.
• Attributes with NULL values can be left out.
Example: Insert a tuple for a new EMPLOYEE for whom we only know the
FNAME, LNAME, and SSN attributes.

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (FNAME, LNAME, SSN)


VALUES ('Richard', 'Marini', '653298653');

10
B. DELETE Command
• Removes tuples from a relation.
• Includes a WHERE-clause to select the tuples to be deleted
Tuples are deleted from only one table at a time.

• A missing WHERE-clause specifies that all tuples in the


relation are to be deleted; the table then becomes an empty
table.

• The number of tuples deleted depends on the number of tuples


in the relation that satisfy the WHERE-clause.

11
Con’t…
• Examples:

A: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE


WHERE LNAME='Brown’;

B: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE


WHERE SSN='123456789’;

C: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE


WHERE DNO IN (SELECT DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research');

D: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

12
C. UPDATE Command
• Used to modify attribute values of one or more selected tuples.
• A WHERE-clause selects the tuples to be modified.
• An additional SET-clause specifies the attributes to be
modified and their new values.
• Each command modifies tuples in the same relation.
• Example: Change the location and controlling department
number of project number 10 to 'Bellaire' and 5, respectively.

U5: UPDATE PROJECT


SET PLOCATION = 'Bellaire', DNUM = 5
WHERE PNUMBER=10;

13
Con’t…
• Example: Give all employees in the 'Research' department a
10% raise in salary.

U6: UPDATE EMPLOYEE


SET SALARY = SALARY *1.1
WHERE DNO IN (SELECT DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research');

14
THE END!!

15

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