Fluid Mechanics

PHYS102~L7
Topics to be covered:

Density
Pressure
Variation of Pressure with Depth
Pressure Measurements
Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle
Equation of Continuity for Fluids
Bernoulli's Equation
Boyle’s law
Surface Tension
Viscosity
 Content’s Reference
**PLEASE NOTE, THE CONTENT IN THIS
PRESENTATION IS JUST TO HELP YOU, AND IT IS
NOT A SUBSTITUTE TO THE COURSE REFERENCES

You can find the lecture topics in:

• Course Reference: Physics for scientists and Engineers, Raymond Serway & et al 9 th
edition
Chapter (14)
 Pressure(14.1) [p417 to p419]
 Variation of Pressure with Depth (14.2) [p419 to p421]
 Pressure Measurements (14.3) [p423]
 Buoyant Forces-Archimedes Principle(14.4) [p423 to p426]
 Fluid dynamics (14.5) [p427+p428]
 Equation of Continuity for Fluids(14.5) [p419 to p421]
 Bernoulli's Equation (14.6) [p30 to p433]
 Density
g or kg

Density = Mass
g .cm-3 or kg .m-3
Volume
cm3 or m3

m r= m\v
 V

•Density is defined as: amount of matter per unit volume

•In other word: is the ratio of mass to volume.
 Which one is more dense?

• How about this: Which square is more dense?

 Liquid Layers
• Which layer has the highest density?
• Which layer has the lowest density?

• Imagine that the liquids have the

following densities:
– 10 g/cm3. 3 g/cm3.
– 6 g/cm3. 5 g/cm3.
Which number would go with which
layer?
 What is the mean of
FLUID
 Matter is normally classified as being
in one of four states: solid, liquid, gas,
and plasma.

 All of liquids, gases, and plasma are

fluids.

 A fluid is a collection of molecules that

are randomly arranged and held
together by weak cohesive forces and
by forces exerted by the walls of a
container.
 Fluid Mechanics
 Fluid mechanics is the
study of how fluids move
and the forces on them.
 Fluid mechanics can be
divided into:
• fluid statics, the study of fluids
at rest.
• fluid dynamics, the study of
fluids in motion..
Pressure
 Pressure is defined as force per unit
area.
 The standard unit for pressure is the
Pascal, which is a Newton per square
meter.
 Pressure is a scalar quantity.
 Variation of Pressure with Depth
One might guess that the
deeper you go into a liquid
or gas, the pressure on you Variation of Pressure with
from the surrounding fluid Depth
will be greater . The reason
for the increased pressure is
that the deeper into a
fluid you go, the more fluid,
and thus the more weight,
you have over top of you.

We can calculate the

variation of pressure with
depth by considering a
volume of fluid of height h
 If the fluid is open to the atmosphere of
pressure , the pressure of the fluid
:at a depth is given by
𝑷 =𝑷 𝟎 + 𝝆 𝐠 𝒉

is the fluid density.

g is the acceleration of
gravity.
po is the atmospheric
pressure & is usually

The pressure in a fluid changes linearly with

 :Pascal’s principle
‘‘ A change in the pressure applied to an
enclosed liquid is transmitted
undiminished to every point of the liquid
and to the walls of the container. ’’

In the case of hydraulic press, if the force at one piston of

area A1 is F1 , this pressure is transmitted through a
liquid to the other piston of area A2 . This produces a
𝑭2 at
force F
𝟏 𝑭
the other piston. Since the pressure is the
𝟐
𝑷= :same at=both pistons, this gives
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
𝑨𝟐
𝑭𝟐= 𝑭
𝑨𝟏 𝟏
Example: The Car Lift
In a car lift used in a
service station,
compressed air exerts
force on a small piston
that has a circular cross
section and a radius of
5.00 cm. This pressure
is transmitted by a
liquid to a piston that
has a radius of 15.0 cm.
What force must the
compressed air exert to
lift a car weighing
 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
1- manometer
A simple device for measuring pressure is the open-tube
manometer. One end of a U-shaped tube containing a
liquid is open to the atmosphere, and the other end is
connected to a system of unknown pressure P.
The pressure at point B equals

The pressure at B, however, equals the

pressure at A, which is also the unknown
pressure P. We conclude that
 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
2- Barometer
A long tube closed at one end is filled
with mercury and then inverted into a
dish of mercury. The closed end of the
tube is nearly a vacuum, so its
pressure can be taken to be zero. It
follows that

Note that the barometer measures the

pressure of the atmosphere, however,
the manometer measures pressure in an
enclosed fluid.
 Buoyant Forces
The behavior of an object submerged in a fluid is governed
by Archimedes Principle. Archimedes determined that a
body which is completely or partially submerged in a fluid
experiences an upward force called the Buoyant Force, B ,
which is equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid
.displaced by the object
This principle can be used to explain why ships, loaded with
.millions of kilograms of cargo, are able to float
Buoyant force = weight  the object floats and stationary

Buoyant force > weight  the object moves up

Buoyant force < weight  the object moves down

 Archimedes’s principle :
The buoyant force is equal to the weight
of the replaced liquid or gas.

⃑
𝐵
⃑
𝐵

⃑
𝐵
⃑
𝐵
Buoyant force(B)=
B ( Pbot  Ptop ) Asubmerged
(  fluid gh) A
 fluid gVsubmerged

V is volume of water or fluid displaced or volume of object

immersed in fluid
 Example: Floating Down The
River
A raft is constructed of wood having a
density of6 102 kg m3 .Its surface
3
5.7m 2area is , and
0.6m volume is
its
. When the raft is placed in
fresh water as in Fig.
To what depth h is the
bottom of the raft
submerged?
 The Surface of Liquid
In general terms, forces between like molecules,
such as the forces between water molecules, are
called cohesive forces.

and forces between unlike molecules, such as

those exerted by glass on water, are called
adhesive forces.
 SURFACE
TENSION
The drop takes spherical shape because of a
property of liquid surfaces called surface tension.
The net effect of the pull on all
the surface molecules is to
make the surface of the liquid
contract and, consequently, to
make the surface area of the
liquid as small as possible.
Drops of water take on a spherical shape because
a sphere has the smallest surface area for a given
volume.
 Viscous Fluid Flow
Viscosity refers to the internal friction of a fluid.
 When nonviscous fluid (an ideal fluid)
flows through a pipe, the fluid layers
slide past one another with no resistance.
If the pipe has a uniform cross section,
each layer has the same velocity.
 When a viscous fluid flows through a
pipe,the fluid layers have different
velocities. The fluid has the greatest
velocity at the center of the pipe, whereas
the layer next to the wall doesn’t move
because of adhesive forces between
molecules and the wall surface.
DISCUSSION:
Fluid Dynamics
Fluids in
Motion
Continuit Bernoulli’
Boyle’s
y s
law
equation equation
 Many features of fluid motion can be understood by
considering the behavior of an ideal fluid, which
satisfies the following conditions:

1- The fluid is nonviscous, which means

there is no internal friction force between
adjacent layers.

2. The fluid is incompressible, which

means its density is constant.

3. The fluid motion is steady, meaning

that, all particles passing through a point
have the same velocity. (velocity = cst)

4. The fluid moves without turbulence.

This implies that each element of the fluid
has zero angular velocity about its center,
so there can’t be any eddy currents present
in the moving fluid. A small wheel placed in
the fluid would translate but not rotate.
:Ideal Fluid Assumptions

The fluid is nonviscous.

The flow is steady.( v =
const.)
The fluid is
incompressible.
( = const.)
The flow is irrotational.
 Equation of Continuity

The equation of continuity for

fluids states that:
The product of the area and
the fluid speed at all points
along a pipe is constant for
an incompressible fluid.
A11  A2 2 const.
Equation of Continuity

A11  A2 2 const.

 Bernoulli's Equation
The relationship between fluid speed, pressure, and elevation was first
derived by the Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli.
The Bernoulli’s equation is often expressed as:
P + ½  v2 +  g h = constant
Where P is the pressure,  is the density, v is the velocity,
h is the elevation, and g is the gravitational acceleration.

where - points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline,

- the fluid has constant density,
- the flow is steady, and
- there is no friction.

*** This expression shows that the pressure of a fluid decreases

as the speed of the fluid increases.
In addition, the pressure decreases as the elevation increases.
Bernoulli's Equation
Torricelli’s
Law
Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is
relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening to the
.height of fluid above the opening

If the tank is open to the

atmosphere, then
P = P0 and v1 = √2gh . In other
words,
for an open tank, the speed of
liquid coming
out through a hole with a distance
h below the surface is equal to the
speed acquired by an object falling
freely through a vertical distance
h.
This phenomenon is known as
Torricelli’s
Law 𝑣 =√ 2 𝑔 h
BOYLE’S LAW

WHAT IS BOYLE’S LAW?

Boyle’s Law is one of the laws in physics that concern the

behaviour of gases
When a gas is under pressure it takes up less space:
The higher the pressure, the smaller the volume
Boyles Law tells us about the relationship between the volume
of a gas and its pressure at a constant temperature
The law states that pressure is inversely proportional to the
volume
How can we write Boyle’s Law as a
formula?
Pressure is inversely proportional to
the volume and can be written as:
Pressure a 1/volume
P= pressure in N/m2
V= volume in m3 (litres)
k= constant
This is more usually written as:
Pressure = constant
volume
PV=k
P1V1=P2V2
P – V graph:
If we plot volume directly against pressure
we would get a downwards curve showing
that volume gets smaller as the pressure
gets larger, and vice versa.