CP-101

Computing
Fundamentals

Lecture 1
Romana Farhan
[email protected]

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Course Details
 Course Title: Computing Fundamentals
 Course Code: CP-101
 Credit Hours: 2+1

 Course Objectives:
 Identify the components of a computer system.
 basics of computer Organization including Memory and storage
elements, data representation in terms of number system.
 To equip students with sound skills in C++ programming language.
 To equip students with techniques for developing structured
computer programs.
 Course Contents:
 Introducing Computer Systems relational operators, Functions, Debugging
 Computer system and program errors
 Anatomy of a computer  Programming basics for C++
 Computer vs. Human  Literals
 Modern computers  Variables & constants
 Types of Computers  Data types
 Hardware Basics  cout statement
 Computer Memory and Storage Basics  Escape sequence
 Software Basics  Setw manipulator
 Computer Network Basics  cin statement
 Basic Programming Structure  Assignment statement
 Programming  Arithmetic Operators and Expressions
 Types of programming languages  Conditional Statements
 Assembler, Interpreter, Complier, Linker  Relational Operators
 Source program, object program,  Logical Operators
executable program  if, if-else, nested if, nested if-else
 Developing an Algorithm: Pseudo code & statements
Flowchart
 Basic Elements of programs: Variables,

 Commands/Syntax ,Loops, Decisions,

Course Contents:
 Decisions and Loops  Objects & Classes
 Switch  Procedural approach
 break  Object-oriented approach
 while loop  Object-oriented concepts
 do-while loop  Inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism
 Arrays  Objects, classes, inheritance, reusability,
 Declaration and Definition etc
 One- dimensional arrays  Basic object oriented programming
 Accessing array members  Defining Class and its members
 Two-dimensional arrays  Member access specifiers
 Functions  Declaring Objects
 Built-in and User defined functions  Accessing members of class
 Declaration & Definition
 Passing arguments
 Returning Values
 Arguments passed by value
 Arguments passed by reference
 Overloaded Functions
 Default arguments
 Returning by reference
Recommended Books
 Text Books:  Nell Dale and John Lewis -
 H.M. Deitel and P.J. Deitel, C++ Computer Science Illuminated, 2nd
How To Program, 9th ed., Prentice- edition
Hall,2014  D.S. Malik, C++ Programming: From
 Lafore, Robert, The Object-Oriented Problem Analysis To Program
Programming using C++,3/e Design
 C M Aslam, T A Quershi -
Programming with C++, object  Excellent World Wide Web address: to
oriented programming look up computer terminology online
 Peter Norton -Introduction to  http://www.wikipedia.com,
Computers  http://www.whatis.com

 Reference:  Excellent World Wide Web address: to

search companies, products, and events
 Fundamentals of c++ Programming  http://www.google.com,
Richard L. Halterman January 18,  http://www.yahoo.com,
2015  http://www.msn.com
 Simple Program Design: A step-by-
step approach, Lesley Anne
Robertson, Course Technology,
2000
 Glenn Brookshear- Computer
science-An Overview, 3rd edition
Marks Distribution of
course(Theory)
Assignments ……….……… 10%
Quizzes ..…………….. 10%
Sessionals .………….….. 30%
Final .……………… 50%

Marks Distribution of
Assignments ……….……10%
course(Lab)
Quizzes ..…………….. 10%
Sessionals.………….….. 20%
Final .……………………60%

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Policies
 The Lecture will always be on time, otherwise the
changed schedule will be announced in advance
 The quiz will not be delayed, no one should come to
request for its delay
 There will be no makeup quiz.
 Assignments have to be submitted on mentioned time,
if submitted after 24 hrs of due time half marks shall be
granted, after that zero marks will be given.
 Zero tolerance policy on class discipline.
Lets Start the Course…

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Computers in Our World
 Computers are everywhere
 We can find them in pretty unlikely places
 Family car
 Home appliances
 Alarm clock
 Market
What is Computer
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes
raw data as input from the user and processes these
data under the control of set of instructions (called
program) and gives the result (output) and saves output
for the future use.

Input Processing Output

Types of Computers
 Computers can be grouped by size,
purpose, and number of users.

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Introducing Your Computer
How Does My Computer Work?
The “brain” of a computer is the central processing unit (CPU). When
the CPU receives and carries out an instruction, it has completed one
cycle.

Computer’s speed = number of cycles completed in one second

Cycles are measured in:

Megahertz (MHz) = millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz) = billions of cycles per second
Introducing Your
Computer
Bits, Bytes, and Binary Numbers
 Bits and bytes are small pieces of computerized
data that communicate commands to a
computer’s CPU:
 A bit is either a 1 or a 0 (binary digits).

 A byte contains eight bits.

 Each letter in the English language is represented

by one byte.

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Storage Units
How Big Is a Terabyte?
Common storage units:
 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,000 bytes

 Megabyte (MB) = 1,000 Kbytes, or 1 million

(1,000,000) bytes
 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,000 MB, or 1 billion

(1,000,000,000) bytes
 Terabyte (TB) = 1,000 GB, or 1 trillion

(1,000,000,000,000) bytes

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Looking Inside Computer
System
 Most people believe that computers must be

extremely complicated devices, because they

perform such amazing tasks.
 Computer is a collection of parts, which are
categorized according to the kinds of work they
do.
 Glimpse inside a standard desktop computer
 How these components work together and
allow you to interact with the system

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 Parts of the Computer
System
Computer systems have four parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 User

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 Hardware
 Mechanical devices in the computer
 Anything that can be touched
 e.g. printer, keyboard, PDA etc.
 consists of interconnected electronic
devices that you can use to control the
computer’s operation, input, and output.
 generic term device refers to any piece
of hardware

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Software
 Set of instructions that makes the computer
perform tasks
 Tell the computer what to do
 Also called a program
 Thousands of programs exist
 Some for computer’s own use
 Some for the service of the user
 Reason majority of the people would want to
purchase a computer
 E-mail, type letters, play games etc.
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Computer data
 Fact with no meaning on its own
 Stored using the binary number system
 Data can be organized into files
 A file is simply a set of data that has been
given a name.
 A file that the user can open and use is
often called a document.

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Users
 People operating the computer

 Most important part

 Tell the computer what to do

 Userless computers?
 people still setup,design,install, build,
program, and repair computer systems.

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 Information Processing
 Cycle
Converts data into information
 Data
 The raw facts and figures that are processed
into information
 Information
 Data that has been summarized/processed.

Processing /
Input Output
Computation

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Steps to Process Data
 Input
 Processing
 Output
 Storage

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Steps to Process Data
 Input
 Computer accepts data from some source
 Processing
 Computers processing: components perform
actions on the data based on instructions from
user or program
 Output
 Computer conveys result to user.
 Text, numbers, graphic, image, video, sound
 Optional
 Storage
 Permanently store result on some medium
 Optional 23
Essential Computer
Hardware
 Computers use the same basic hardware

 Hardware categorized into four types

 Processor
 Memory
 Input and Output
 Storage

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Processing Devices
 Processing
 The procedure that transforms raw data
into useful information
 To perform this transformation, the
computer uses two components:
 The Processor and
 Memory

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How does everything
connect?

Motherboard
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Motherboard
 Main printed circuit
board in the computer
 Everything connects
to the motherboard
 Expansion slots -
“plugs” on the
motherboard for
expanding the PC’s
capabilities via
additional circuit
boards
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 Processor
 Brain of the Computer
 Processor chip
 A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of
miniature electronic circuits.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Carries out instructions that come from either
the user or the software.
 Manipulate the data
 Most computers have several processors

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Memory
 memory is one or more sets of chips that
store data and/or program instructions,
either temporarily or permanently.
 Memory is a critical processing
component in any computer
 Two most important types
 Random access memory (RAM) and
 Read-Only memory (ROM).
 work in very different ways and perform
distinct functions
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Random Access Memory
 Also known as RAM or memory
 Represent primary storage or temporary
storage.
 Hold data before processing and information
after processing.
 Volatile
 More RAM results in a faster system
 In MBs , GBs and TBs

RAM

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 Read Only Memory
 Also called ROM
 Nonvolatile
 Permanent storage of programs
 Holds the computer boot directions
 Typically in KBs

ROM

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Input
 Input hardware - devices that allow people
to put data into the computer in a form that
the computer can use
 Allows the user to interact
 Input devices accept data
 Keyboard
 Mouse

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The Keyboard
 First peripheral to be used with computers
 The most common input device for
inputting text and numbers
 About 100 keys
 Must be proficient with keyboard
 Skill is called keyboarding

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Standard Keyboard
Layout(QWERTY)
 IBM Enhanced Keyboard with 101 keys

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 Five Groups of Keys
 Alphanumeric Keys
 Modifier Keys
 Numeric Keypad
 Function Keys
 Cursor Movement keys

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How Keyboard Works
 Key is pressed on keyboard
 Keyboard controller detects a key press
 Keeps the code in its memory, Keyboard
buffer
 Code represents the key pressed
 Controller notifies the operating system
via an interrupt
 Operating system responds the
interrupt by the reading the code from
buffer
 OS passes the code to CPU
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How Keyboard Works

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The Mouse
 All modern computers have a variant
 Allows users to select objects
 Pointer moved by the mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Rubber ball determines direction and speed
 The ball often requires cleaning
 Optical mouse
 Light shown onto mouse pad
 Reflection determines speed and direction
 Requires little maintenance

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 Benefits of Using Mouse
 Pointer positioning is fast

 Menu interaction is easy

 Users can draw electronically

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Interacting With a Mouse
 Actions involve pointing to an object
 Clicking selects the object
 Double clicking the object
 Clicking and holding drags the object
 Releasing an object is a drop
 Right clicking activates the shortcut
menu
 Modern mice include a scroll wheel

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Cordless Keyboard and
Mouse
 Communicate with
a receiver attached
to a port on the
system unit
 Use infra-red (IR)
or radio frequency
(RF) technology

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Variants of the Mouse
 Trackballs
 Upside down mouse
 Hand rests on the ball
 User moves the ball
 Uses little desk space
 Mostly two buttons
 Can be configured for both
 right-handed and
 Left-handed use

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Track Pads
 Stationary pointing device
 Small plastic rectangle
 Finger moves across the pad
 Pointer moves with the finger
 Popular on laptops

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 Track Point
 Track point
 Little joystick on the
keyboard between
G, H & B keys
 Move pointer by
moving the joystick
 Two buttons
beneath Spacebar
same as mouse
 Save great of time
and effort

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Other Input Devices
 Joystick
 Scanners
 Digital Camera
 Microphone
 Webcam

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Output
 Output devices return
processed data to the
user or to another
computer system.
 Most common
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
 Some devices are
input and output
 Touch screens
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 Output
Sound Card
 Converts audio signal from
digital to analog and vice
versa
Speakers
 the devices that play sounds
transmitted as electrical
signals from the sound card.

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 Output
Video card
 converts the processor’s output
information into a video signal
that can be sent through a
cable to the monitor
Monitor
 the display device that takes
the electrical signals from the
video card and forms an image
using points of colored light on
the screen

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Communication Devices
 Modem
 a device that sends
and receives data over
telephone lines to and
from computers..
 Network Interface
Cards (NIC)
 Controls the flow of
data on a network link

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Storage Devices
 Hold data and programs permanently
 Electronic file cabinet
 Difference between storage and
memory
 More capacity in storage
 Contents are retained in storage even the
power is off
 Storage is much cheaper
 Access speed is slow

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Types of Storage Devices
 Magnetic storage

 Optical storage

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Magnetic Storage
 Most common
 Floppy disk
 stores data on
removable 3.5-inch-
diameter diskettes.
 Typical Capacity 1.4MB
Floppy disk
 Zip Disk
 stores data on floppy- Zip disk
disk cartridges with 70-
170 times the capacity
of the standard floppy
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Hard disk drive
 Storage device that stores billions of
characters of data on a non-removable
disk platter.
 Capacity 40GB-750GB or even more in
TBs

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 Optical Storage
CD (Compact Disk) drive
 a storage device that uses
laser technology to read data
from optical disks.
 700MB for CD

DVD
 4.7 to 17 GB
 Blu-ray
 Digital optical disc format.
 200GB

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Storage Capacity
 1 byte - 1 character of data.
 1 kilobyte – 210 bytes; 1,024 characters.
 1 megabyte - 220 bytes; 1,048,576 characters.
 1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.
 1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.

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Put all the hardware
together and…

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Software Runs The
Machine
 Tells the computer what to do

 Reason people purchase computers

 Two types
 System software
 Application software

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System Software
 An Operating System (OS) is the master controller within a computer.
 tells the computer how to use its own components.
 An operating system interacts with:
 All hardware installed in or connected to a computer system.
 All software installed or running from a storage device on a computer system
 Windows(xp,7,8,8.1), DOS, UNIX, Linux
 Network operating system (OS)
 Manages network resources.
 Maintains security.
 Tracks user accounts.
 Handles communication between workstations and server
 allows computers to communicate and share data across a network
 Windows Server 2003
Utility
 Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device drivers
and Troubleshooting capabilities.
 Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a
file.
 Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files.
 Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files.
Application Software
 Accomplishes a specific task
 Most common type of software
 Word processors
 Spreadsheet
 Database Management
 Presentation
 Graphics
 Multimedia authoring
 Entertainment and Education
 Games
 Web Design tools and web browsers
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Computer Network
Basics
 A computer network is a group of computers

and other devices connected together.

Networks allow people to share:
 information
 hardware
 storage devices
 Internet connections
 A network allows you to send data back and forth
between different computers, servers, storage
devices, and shared output devices

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Computer Network
Basics
 A stand-alone computer is called a
workstation on a network.
 A workstation provides access to:
 Your computer’s local resources
 Network resources

A server is a computer connected to a network that

distributes and stores resources for other
network users.

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Communication Protocol
 Communication standards called protocols
allow for global exchange of information.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 All types of networks require special
networking hardware and networking
software to allow different computers to
communicate with each other.
 Special hardware (Modem) and software
(browser) are required
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Local Area Network
 Personal Area Network(BAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN) –
a network located in a limited area.
 LANs are found in most businesses,
schools.
 Many campuses use LANs.
 Wide Area Network (WAN) –
a network that covers a large
geographical area.

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Intranets - lets people within an organization or
business share information

 The Internet - largest of all networks.

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 Summary
 Parts of the Computer System
 Hardware, Software, Data, People
 Information Processing Cycle
 Input, Processing, Output, Storage
 Computer Hardware
 Processor, Memory, Motherboard
 Input Devices Output devices
 Storage Devices
 Computer Software
 Computer Users
 Computer Networks
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