Quarter 2 : Module 1

Quantum Mechanical
Model of an Atom
 Lesson
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. describe quantum mechanical model;

2. determine the relationship between principal
energy level, sublevel,
orbital and how they relate to the number of
electrons of an atom;
3. write the electron configuration of elements
and determine the
rules in filling up orbitals.
Review
Complete the Table

MATTER

3 Main States 2 Categories

Solid Pure Substance Mixture

Liquid
Elements

Gas
Compound
In biology CELL is the basic unit
of life.

In Chemistry what is the basic

unit of matter?

ATO M
Atom came from the Greek word “Atomos” which
means indivisible
Atom makes up an
Element.

ATO M
But what makes up an atom?

Protons Positive Charge

Electrons Negative Charge

Neutrons Neutral/No
Charge

Atom’s Subatomic Particles

 Atoms is subdivided into two region.

Nucleus – positive center of an

atom , which contains protons and
neutrons and holds up the atomic
mass.

Atomic Orbital– outer portion of

nucleus that contains electrons.
How can we determine the weight of an atom?
 Calculating the number of
subatomic particles

# of Protons = atomic number

# of Electrons = atomic number

# of Neutrons = mass number – atomic number

GROUPS
GROUPS
GROUPS
GROUPS
GROUPS
GROUPS
GROUPS

PERIOD
PERIOD

PERIOD
PERIOD
PERIOD

PERIOD
Let’s Practice!
Elemen Elemen Atomic Atomic No of No of No Of Group Period
t Name t Numbe Mass protons Neutro Electro Numbe Numbe
Symbol r ns ns r r
Alumin Al 13 27 13 14 13 3 3
um

# of Protons = Atomic Number

# of Electrons = Atomic Number
# of Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #
Let’s
7 Practice!
Elemen Elemen Atomic Atomic No of No of No Of Group Period
t Name t Numbe Mass protons Neutro Electro Numbe Numbe
Symbol r ns ns r r
Chlorin Cl 17 35 17 18 17 7 3
e

# of Protons = Atomic Number

# of Electrons = Atomic Number
# of Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #
Your Turn!
Elemen Elemen Atomic Atomic No of No of No Of Group Period
t Name t Numbe Mass protons Neutro Electro Numbe Numbe
Symbol r ns ns r r
Krypton

# of Protons = Atomic Number

# of Electrons = Atomic Number
# of Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #
Your Turn
Elemen Elemen Atomic Atomic No of No of No Of Group Period
t Name t Numbe Mass protons Neutro Electro Numbe Numbe
Symbol r ns ns r r
Krypton

# of Protons = Atomic Number

# of Electrons = Atomic Number
# of Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #
 Remember

# of Protons = Atomic Number

# of Electrons = Atomic Number
# of Neutrons = Mass # - Atomic #
Quantum Mechanical
Model
of an Atom
ATOMIC THEORIES
ATOMIC THEORIES
Billiard Ball Model
JOHN DALTON
Each chemical element is
composed of extremely small
particles that are indivisible and
cannot be seen by the naked eye,
called atoms
ATOMIC THEORIES
Plum Pudding Model
J.J THOMPSON
STATES THAT ELECTRONS FLOAT
IN A POSITIVELY CHARGED
MATERIAL
ATOMIC THEORIES
NUCLEAR MODEL
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
HIS EXPERIMENT ON GOLD FOIL
LEADS TO THE DISCOVER OF
NUCLEUS
 Bohr’s model describes the atom like a solar system, where he
considered electrons as particles moving around the nucleus in a
specific circular paths or orbits. These orbits are found at fixed
distances from the nucleus.
ATOMIC THEORIES
PLANETARY MODEL
NEILS BOHR
PLANETARY MODEL – NUCLEUS
SURROUNDED BY ORBITING
ELECTRONS AT DIFFERENT
ENERGY LEVELS
ELECTRONS IN EACH
ORBIT HAVE A DEFINITE
ENERGY, WHICH
INCREASES AS THE
DISTANCE OF THE ORBIT
FROM THE NUCLEUS
INCREASES. AS LONG AS
THE ELECTRON STAYS IN
ITS ORBIT, THERE IS NO
ABSORPTION OR
EMISSION OF ENERGY.
 WHICH HAS A
GREATER ENERGY?

K OR N?

As you go farther from the nucleus, electrons

at higher energy level has more energy
 WHEN AN ELEMENT ABSORBS EXTRA ENERGY THIS
ELECTRON MOVES TO A HIGHER LEVEL. AT THIS POINT
THE ATOM IS EXCITED OR UNSTABLE. THE SAME
ELECTRON CAN RETURN TO ANY OF THE LOWER
ENERGY LEVELS RELEASING ENERGY IN THE FORM OF
Electron excitation - The
process by which a
molecule is excited from a
low-lying electronic state to
a higher energy electronic
state This emitted energy is
a photon.
Ground state - The ground
state of an atom is the state
where all the electrons are
in their lowest possible
energy state
As early as the 17th century knowledge about
the structure of matter grew when scientist
began to study the emission of light from
different elements.
Knowledge check
Answer with
1) Energy absorbed
2) Energy emitted
3) No change in energy

A. What energy change takes place when an electron in a

hydrogen atom moves from the first (n=1) to the second shell (n=2)?
B. What energy change takes place when the electron moves
from the third shell to the second shell?
C. What energy takes place when the electron stays on the
same shell?
Much later, scientists discovered that it is
impossible to determine the exact
location of electrons in an atom.

Bohr’s Model of an atom was rejected.

 Three physicists led the development of a
better model of an atom known as Quantum
Mechanical Model.

Werner Karl Heisenberg

Louie de Broglie Erwin Schrodinger Werner Karl Heisenberg

These scientists believed that there is only a
probability that the electron can be found in a
certain volume in space around the nucleus.

This volume or region of space around the

nucleus where the electron is most likely to
be found is called an atomic orbital.
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

Describes the
probable
location of
electrons within
atom using
atomic orbitals.
 ATOMIC THEORIES

QUANTUM MECHANICAL
BILLIARD BALL MODEL NUCLEAR MODEL
MODEL
JOHN DALTON ERNEST RUTHERFORD
SCHRODINGER, DE BROGLIE,
HEISENBERG
PLUM PUDDING MODEL
JJ THOMPSON PLANETARY MODEL
NEILS BOHR
The Quantum Mechanical
Model describes the
region of space around
the nucleus as consisting
of SHELLS.

These shells are also

called PRINCIPAL
ENERGY LEVEL
PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVEL/ SHELLS
Is broken down into SUB LEVELS/ Subshells
S Sharp 2
electrons
P Principal 6
electrons
D Diffuse 10
Electrons
F Fundamental 14
electrons
Orbitals – are areas within atoms where there is high
probability of finding electrons

Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that only

two electrons occupy an orbital
S Sharp 2 electrons
How many orbitals can S
P Principal 6 sublevel fill out?
electrons
D Diffuse 10
Electrons
Answer: 1
F Fundamental 14
electrons
Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that only
two electrons occupy an orbital

How many orbitals can P

S Sharp 2 electrons
sublevel fill out?
P Principal 6
electrons
D Diffuse 10 Answer: 3
Electrons
F Fundamental 14 2 2 2
electrons
Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that only
two electrons occupy an orbital

How many orbitals can D

S Sharp 2 electrons
sublevel fill out?
P Principal 6
electrons
D Diffuse 10 Answer: 5
Electrons
F Fundamental 14 2 2 2 2 2
electrons
Orbitals – are areas within atoms where there is high
probability of finding electrons
Principal Energy Level (n 1)

Principal Energy Level (n 2)

Principal Energy Level (n 3)

Principal Energy Level (n 6)

How many orbitals can be found on
the 1st Energy Level?

Answer: 1 Orbital

How many electrons can

1st Energy Level hold?

Answer: 2 electrons
 How many orbitals can be found on
the 2nd Energy Level?
Answer: 4 Orbital

How many electrons can

2nd Energy Level hold?
Answer: 8 electrons

Sublevels that can be found

Answer: 2s & 2p
on the 2nd energy level?
 How many orbitals can be found on
the 3rd Energy Level?
Answer: 9 Orbital

How many electrons can

3rd Energy Level hold?
Answer: 18
electrons
Sublevels that can be found
Answer: 2s ,3p, 3d
on the 3rd energy level?
Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels of
Electrons
 Remember
Quantum Mechanical Model- describe
the probable location of electrons.

Three Physicists
• Louie De Broglie
• Erwin Schrodinger
• Werner Karl Heisenberg
 Remember
Atomic Orbital– Region of Space
around the nucleus where electrons
are most likely to be found

Principal Energy Level or Shells

Sublevel or Subshells
S, P, D, F
Orbitals
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
What is Electron Configuration?

In an atom, electrons and the nucleus

interact to make the most stable
arrangement possible. The way in which
electrons are distributed in the different
orbitals around the nucleus of an atom
is called the electron configuration.
 Parts of an Electron Configuration
• Principal Energy Level – a number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
• Sublevel – a letter (s, p, d, f)
• Number of electrons – a superscript number (2, 6, 10,
14)
3 rules that define how electrons can be arranged in an
atom’s orbital.

1. Aufbau Principle – electrons fill the orbitals one at a

time, starting with the lowest energy orbital then
proceeding to the one with higher energy.

2. Hund’s Rule – single electrons with the same spin must

occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional
electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same
orbitals.

3. Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that only two

electrons occupy an orbital, and they must have opposite
spins.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that only two
electrons occupy an orbital, and they must have
opposite spins.

Hund’s Rule – single electrons with the same spin must

occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons
with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals.
The electron configuration
depends on the atomic number
of the elements.

Atomic Number : 1

1s1
Electron Configuration
1s1
Electron Configuration
The electron configuration
depends on the atomic number
of the elements.

Atomic Number : 2

1s2
Electron Configuration
1s2
Electron Configuration
The electron configuration
depends on the atomic number
of the elements.

Atomic Number : 8

1s2 2s2 2p4

Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p4
Electron Configuration
The electron configuration
depends on the atomic number
of the elements.

Atomic Number : 11

1s 2
2s 2
2p 6 3s1
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Electron Configuration
Let’s Practice!

Atomic Number : 6

1s2 2s2 2p2

Let’s Practice!

Atomic Number : 12

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

Let’s Practice!

Atomic Number : 10

1s2 2s2 2p6

 Remember
Electron Configuration -describe the
way electrons are distributed in
different orbitals.
3 Rules in Filling up the Orbital
-Aufbau Principle
-Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
-Hund’s Rule
Let us now process
what you have learned
today.
Set of 5 questions.
Answer should be in
this format.
A,B,C,D,A
1. Describes the probable location of
electrons within atom using atomic
orbitals.

a. Quantum Mechanical Model

b. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
c. Electron Configuration
c. Planetary Model
2. The way in which electrons are distributed
in the different orbitals around the nucleus of
an atom is called the _______________.
a. Quantum Mechanical Model
b. Electron Configuration
c. Atomic Sub Particles
d. Hund’s Rule
Electrons occupy orbitals of lowest
energy level first is part of what electron
configuration rule?

a. Hund’s Rule
b. Pauli Exclusion Principle
c. Aufbau Principle
d. None of the above
4. Which of the following is the correct
order for the electrons filling in orbitals?

a. 4s, 3d, 4p, 4d

b. 1s, 2s, 2p, 2d
c. 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d
d. 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d
The volume or region of space around
the nucleus where electron is most likely
to be found is called ______________.

a. Atomic Orbital
b. Periodic Table of Elements
c. Principal Energy Level
d. Electron Spin
You may now
send your
answers
1. Describes the probable location of
electrons within atom using atomic
orbitals.

a. Quantum Mechanical Model

b. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
c. Electron Configuration
c. Planetary Model
2. The way in which electrons are distributed
in the different orbitals around the nucleus of
an atom is called the _______________.
a. Quantum Mechanical Model
b. Electron Configuration
c. Atomic Sub Particles
d. Hund’s Rule
Electrons occupy orbitals of lowest
energy level first is part of what electron
configuration rule?

a. Hund’s Rule
b. Pauli Exclusion Principle
c. Aufbau Principle
d. None of the above
4. Which of the following is the correct
order for the electrons filling in orbitals?

a. 4s, 3d, 4p, 4d

b. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s
c. 3s, 4p, 4s, 3d
d. 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d
The volume or region of space around
the nucleus where electron is most likely
to be found is called ______________.

a. Atomic Orbital
b. Periodic Table of Elements
c. Principal Energy Level
d. Electron Spin
ANSWERS:

A, B, C, B, A
END OF DISCUSSION