CHAPTER IX

Hypothesis Testing
 OBJECTIVES
 Understand the definitions used in hypothesis
testing.
 State the null and alternative hypotheses.
 Find critical values for the z test.
 State the five steps used in hypothesis testing.
 Test means for large samples using the z test.
 Test means for small samples using the t test.
 Test hypotheses using confidence intervals.
 Explain the relationship between type I and type
II errors and the power of a test.
 INTRODUCTION
 Statistical hypothesis testing is a decision-making
process for evaluating claims about a population.
 In hypothesis testing, the researcher must define
the population under study, state the particular
hypotheses that will be investigated, give the
significance level, select a sample from the
population, collect the data, perform the
calculations required for the statistical test, and
reach a conclusion.
 Hypotheses concerning parameters such as
means and proportions can be investigated.
 The z test and the t test are used for hypothesis
testing concerning means.
 METHODS TO TEST HYPOTHESES

 The three methods used to test

hypotheses are:
1. The traditional method.
2. The P-value method.
3. The confidence interval method.
 STATEMENT OF A HYPOTHESIS
 A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture
about a population parameter which may
or may not be true.
 There are two types of statistical
hypotheses for each situation: the null
hypothesis and the alternative
hypothesis.
 HYPOTHESES
 The null hypothesis, symbolized by H0, is
a statistical hypothesis that states that
there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or that
there is no difference between two
parameters.
 The alternative hypothesis, symbolized
by H1, is a statistical hypothesis that
states the existence of a difference
between a parameter and a specific
value, or states that there is a difference
State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Illustration 1. A medical researcher is
interested in finding out whether a new
medication will have any undesirable side
effects. The researcher is particularly
concerned with the pulse rate of the
patients who take the medication. Will the
pulse rate increase, decrease, or remain
unchanged after the patient takes the
medication? Assume the mean pulse rate
under study is 82 beats per minute.
Ho:  = 82 H1:   82
State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Illustration 2. A chemist invents an additive

to increase the life of an automobile
battery. Assume the mean lifetime of the
automobile battery is 36 months.

Ho:   36 H1:  > 36

Right-tailed test
State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Illustration 3. A contractor wishes to lower

heating bills by using a special type of
insulation in houses. Assume the average
of the monthly heating bills is P78.

Ho:   78 H1:  < 78

Left-tailed test
 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING COMMON
PHRASES
> <
is greater than is less than
is above is below
is higher than is lower than
is longer than is shorter than
is bigger than is smaller
is increased than
 is decreased

is greater than or equal is less than or equal to
to is at most
is at least is not more than
= 
is
is equal to than
not less is not equal to
is different from
is exactly the same has changed from
as is not the same as
Example: State the null and alternative
hypotheses.
a. A researcher thinks that if expectant mothers use
vitamin pills, the birth weight of the babies will
increase. The average birth weight of the population is
8.6 pounds.
Ho:   8.6 H1:  > 8.6
b. An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of
defects can be decreased in a manufacturing process
of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for
certain task. The mean number of defective disks per
1000 is 18.
Ho:   18 H1:  < 18
c. A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a
test will change the results of the test. The
Exercise: State the null and alternative
hypotheses.
a. The average age of taxi drivers in New York
City is 36.3 years.
b. The average age of disk jockeys is greater than
27.6 years.
c. The average bowling score of people who
enrolled in a basic bowling class is less than
100.
d. The average electric bill for residents of White
Plains exceeds $52.98 per month.
e. The average weight loss of people who use
brand A’s low-calorie meals for 6 weeks is at
 DESIGN OF THE STUDY
 After stating the hypotheses, the
researcher’s next step is to design the
study. The researcher selects the
correct statistical test, chooses an
appropriate level of significance, and
formulates a plan for conducting the
study.
 STATISTICAL TEST
 A statistical test uses the data
obtained from a sample to make a
decision about whether or not the null
hypothesis should be rejected.
 The numerical value obtained from a
statistical test is called the test value.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF A HYPOTHESIS TEST

H0 True H0 False

Reject Type I Correct

H0 Error Decision

Do Correct Type II
not Decision Error
reject
H0
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 In a hypothesis testing situation, the
researcher decides what level of
significance to use.
 After a significance level is chosen, a
critical value is selected from a table
for the appropriate test.
 CRITICAL VALUES
 The critical value(s) separates the critical
region from the noncritical region. The
symbol for critical value is C.V.
 The critical or rejection region is the range
of values of the test value that indicates
that there is a significant difference and that
the null hypothesis should be rejected.
 The noncritical or nonrejection region is the
range of values of the test value that
indicates that the difference was probably
due to chance and that the null hypothesis
should not be rejected.
HYPOTHESIS-TESTING (TRADITIONAL METHOD)

 Step 1 State the hypothesis, and

identify the claim.
 Step 2 Find the critical value from the
appropriate table.
 Step 3 Compute the test value.
 Step 4 Make the decision to reject or
not reject the null hypothesis.
 Step 5 Summarize the results.
THE P-VALUE

 The P-value (or probability value) is the

probability of getting a sample statistic (such as
the mean) or a more extreme sample statistic in
the direction of the alternative hypothesis when
the null hypothesis is true.
 The P-value is the actual area under the
standard normal distribution curve (or other
curve depending on what statistical test is being
used) representing the probability of a particular
sample statistic or a more extreme sample
statistic occurring if the null hypothesis is true.
DECISION RULE WHEN USING A P-
VALUE
If P-value   ,
reject the null hypothesis.
If P-value> ,
fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Example:
A researcher claims that the average cost of men’s athletic shoes is
less than $80. He selects a random sample of 36 pairs of shoes from
a catalog and finds the following costs (in dollars). Is there enough
evidence to support the researcher’s claim at  = 0.10?
State the hypotheses: Ho:   80 H1:  < 80 (claim)
Find the critical value: c.v. = -1.28
Compute the test value: mean = 75.0, s = 19.2

Make the decision:

Summarize the result:
There is enough evidence to
support the
claim that the average cost of
men’s
athletic shoes is less than $80.
z_test
Example:
An educators claims that the average salary of substitute teachers in
school districts in Pennsylvania is less than $60. A random sample of
eight school districts is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are
shown. Is there enough evidence to support the educator’s claim at 
= 0.10?
60 56 60 55 70 55 60 55

State the hypotheses: Ho:   $60 H1:  < $60 (claim)

Find the critical value: with  = 0.10 and df = 7,
f-table c.v. = -1.415
Compute the test value: mean = 58.88; s = 5.08

Make the decision:

Summarize the result:
There is not enough evidence to
support the educator’s claim that the
average
salary of substitute teachers is
less
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS & HYPOTHESIS TESTING

 There is a relationship between confidence

intervals and hypothesis testing.
 When the null hypothesis is rejected in a
hypothesis testing situation, the confidence
interval for the mean using the same level of
significance will not contain the
hypothesized mean.
 Likewise, when the null hypothesis is not
rejected, the confidence interval computed
will contain the hypothesized mean.
Example:
Sugar is packed in 5-pound bags. An inspector suspects
the bags may not contain 5 pounds. A sample of 50 bags
produce a mean of 4.6 pounds and a standard deviation
of 0.7 pounds. Is there enough evidence to conclude that
the bags do not contain 5 pounds as stated at  = 0.05?
Also, find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean.
State the hypotheses: Ho:  = 5 H1:   5 (claim)
Critical value: c.v. = 1.96
Compute the test value: mean = 4.6; s = 0.7

Make the decision:

since -4.04 < -1.96, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Summarize the result:
There is enough evidence to support the claim that
the bags do not weigh 5 pounds.
The 95% confidence interval for the mean
is given by:

Notice that the 95% confidence interval of

 does not contain the hypothesized value
 = 5.
CONCLUSIONS

 Researchers are interested in answering

many types of questions. For example:
“Will a new drug lower blood pressure?”
“Will seat belts reduce the severity of
injuries caused by accidents?”
 These types of questions can be addressed
through statistical hypothesis testing,
which is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population.
Exercises:
1. The average 1-year old is 29 inches tall. A random
sample of 30 one-year olds in a large day care
franchise resulted in the following heights. At  =
0.05, can it be concluded that the average height
differs from 29 inches?

25 32 35 25 30 26.5 26 25.5 29.5 32

30 28.5 30 32 28 31.5 29 29.8 30 34
29 32 27 28 33 28 27 32 29
29.5

Perform each of the following steps:

a. state the hypotheses and identify the claim
b. find the critical values
c. compute the test value
d. make the decision
Exercises:

2. The average family size was reported as 3.18. A

random sample of families in a particular school
district resulted in the following family sizes:

5 4 5 4 4 3 6 4 3
3 5 6 3 3 2 7 4 5
2 2 2 3 5 2

At  = 0.05, does the average family size differ from the national
average?
 © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004

 Use critical value method and p-value method to solve the following
problems.
 1. According to a study done last year, the average monthly expenses
for mobile phone loads of high school students in Manila was
Php350.00. A Statistics student believes that this amount has
increased since January this year. Is there a reason to believe that this
amount has really increased if a random sample of 60 students has an
average monthly expenses for mobile phone loads of Php 380.00. Use
0.05 level of significance, assuming that the population standard
deviation is Php 77.00.
 2. The head of the Math Department announced that the mean of
Grade 9 students in the periodic examination in Mathematics was 89
and the standard deviation was 12. One student who believed that the
mean score was less than this, randomly selected 34 students and
computed their mean score. She obtained a mean score of 85. At 0.01
level of significance, test the student’s belief.

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 © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004

 3. The leader of the association of jeepney drivers claims that the average
daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers in Pasay City is Php400 . A
random sample of 100 jeepney drivers in Pasay City was interviewed and the
average daily take home pay of these drivers is found to be Php425. Use a
0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home apy of all
jeepney drivers in Pasay City is different from Php400, Assume that the
population variance is Php 8,464.00
 4. A History teacher claims that the average height of Filipino males is 163
centimeters. A student taking up Statistics randomly selects 20 Filipino
males and measures their heights. Their heights in cm are shown as follows:
 163 164 165 177 167 163 159 169 159 160
 163 163 165 169 163 165 162 174 163 167
 Do the data collected present sufficient evidence to indicate that the
average heights of Filipino males is different from 163 cm? Use 0.05 level of
significance and assume that the population follows a normal distribution

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 © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004

 5. It was announced that the average price of kilograms of chicken

in in Metro Manila is Php140. However a sample of 15 prices
randomly collected from different markets in Metro Manila showed
and average of Php145 and a standard deviation of Php9.50.
Using a 0.05 level of significance, is there a sufficient evidence to
conclude that the average price of chicken in Metro Manila is more
than Php140? Normality is assumed over the population .
 6. According to last year’s report, a Filipino household spends an
average of Php400.00 per day for food. Suppose you recently took
random samples of 25 households. you determined how much
each household spent for food each day and the results revealed a
mean of Php390.00 and a standard deviation of Php21.50. Using
0.01 level of significance, can it be concluded that the average
amount spent per day fore food of a Filipino household has
decrease? Assume normality over population

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