DILLA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course: IC Engine And Reciprocating Machine
Course code:-MEng 5221
Introduction to IC Engines and IC Engines Fundamentals
Prepared by:- Fentahun Y. (MSc)
Definition of Engine

 Engine-
 is a device which transforms one form of energy in to
another form.
 Most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into
mechanical work and therefore they are called Heat Engine.
Definition of ‘Heat Engine’
 Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy
of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy
to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to
mechanical energy in a heat engine. Heat engines can be
broadly classified into two categories:
1. Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)
2. External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)
 External combustion engines are those in which combustion
takes place out side the engine.
Example gas turbine and steam engine
 Internal combustion engines combustion takes place within
the engine.
Example Engines of moped, scooter, bikes, cars, bus, trucks etc;
Classification and Some Basic
Details of Heat Engines
 Engines whether Internal Combustion or External Combustion
are of two types:
1) Rotary engines
2) Reciprocating engines
 The most widely used ones are the reciprocating internal
combustion engine, the gas turbine and the steam turbine.
The steam engine is slowly phased out nowadays.
 The reciprocating internal combustion engine enjoys some
advantages over the steam turbine due to the absence of heat
exchangers in the passage of the working fluid (boilers and
condensers in steam turbine plant).
 This results in a considerable mechanical simplicity and
improved power plant efficiency of the internal combustion
engine.
Classification of heat engines
Engine Components
 The major components of the engine and their functions are briefly
described below.
 Engine Components
1. Cylinder Block : The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the
various components. The cylinder of a multi cylinder engine are cast as a single
unit, called cylinder block.
 The cylinder head is mounted on the cylinder block. The cylinder head and
cylinder block are provided with water jackets in the case of water cooling or
with cooling fins in the case of air cooling. Cylinder head gasket is incorporated
between the cylinder block and cylinder head. The cylinder head is held tight to
the cylinder block by number of bolts or studs.
 The bottom portion of the cylinder block is called crankcase. A cover called
crankcase which becomes a sump for lubricating oil is fastened to the bottom
of the crankcase. The inner surface of the cylinder block which is machined and
finished accurately to cylindrical shape is called bore or face.
2. Cylinder: As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel or space in which the
piston makes a reciprocating motion. The varying volume created in the cylinder
during the operation of the engine is filled with the working fluid and subjected to
different thermodynamic processes. The cylinder is supported in the cylinder
block.
Engine Components
3. Piston: It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder forming
the moving boundary of the combustion system. It fits perfectly (snugly)
into the cylinder providing a gas-tight space with the piston rings and the
lubricant.
It forms the first link in transmitting the gas forces to the output shaft.
4. Combustion Chamber: The space enclosed in the upper part of the
cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston top during the combustion
process, is called the combustion chamber.
The combustion of fuel and the consequent release of thermal energy
results in the building up of pressure in this part of the cylinder.
5. Inlet Manifold: The pipe which connects the intake system to the
inlet valve of the engine and through which air or air-fuel mixture is
drawn into the cylinder is called the inlet manifold.
6. Exhaust Manifold: The pipe which connects the exhaust system to
the exhaust valve of the engine and through which the products of
combustion escape into the atmosphere is called the exhaust manifold.
Engine Components
7. Inlet and Exhaust Valves: Valves are commonly mushroom shaped
poppet type. They are provided either on the cylinder head or on the
side of the cylinder for regulating the charge coming into the cylinder
(inlet valve) and for discharging the products of combustion (exhaust
valve) from the cylinder.
8. Spark Plug: It is a component to initiate the combustion process in
Spark Ignition (SI) engines and is usually located on the cylinder head.
9. Connecting Rod: It interconnects the piston and the crankshaft and
transmits the gas forces from the piston to the crankshaft. The two ends
of the connecting rod are called as small end and the big end. Small end
is connected to the piston by gudgeon pin and the big end is connected
to the crankshaft by crankpin.
10. Crankshaft: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
useful rotary motion of the output shaft. In the crankshaft of a single
cylinder engine there are a pair of crank arms and balance weights. The
balance weights are provided for static and dynamic balancing of the
rotating system. The crankshaft is enclosed in a crankcase.
Engine Components
11. Piston Rings: Piston rings, fitted into the slots around the piston,
provide a tight seal between the piston and the cylinder wall thus preventing
leakage of combustion gases.
12. Gudgeon Pin: It links the small end of the connecting rod and the
piston.
13. Camshaft: The camshaft (not shown in the figure) and its associated
parts control the opening and closing of the two valves. The associated parts
are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. This shaft also
provides the drive to the ignition system. The camshaft is driven by the
crankshaft through timing gears.
14. Cams: These are made as integral parts of the camshaft and are so
designed to open the valves at the correct timing and to keep them open for
the necessary duration (not shown in the figure).
15. Fly Wheel: The net torque imparted to the crankshaft during one
complete cycle of operation of the engine fluctuates causing a change in the
angular velocity of the shaft. In order to achieve a uniform torque an inertia
mass in the form of a wheel is attached to the output shaft and this wheel is
called the flywheel.
The Working Principles of Engine
 If an engine is to work successfully then it has to
follow a cycle of operations in a sequential manner.
The sequence is quite rigid and cannot be changed.
 In the following sections the working principle of
both SI and CI engines is described. Even though
both engines have much in common there are
certain fundamental differences.
 The credit of inventing the spark-ignition engine
goes to Nicolaus A. Otto (1876) whereas
compression-ignition engine was invented by Rudolf
Diesel (1892). Therefore, they are often referred to
as Otto engine and Diesel engine.
Four-Stroke SI and CI Engine
 In a four-stroke engine, the cycle of operations is completed in four
strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the
four strokes, there are five events to be completed i.e., suction,
compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust. Each stroke
consists of 180◦ of crankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle
is completed through 720◦ of crank rotation.
 The cycle of operation for an ideal four-stroke SI engine consists of
the following four strokes : (i) suction or intake stroke; (ii)
compression stroke; (iii) expansion or power stroke and (iv) exhaust
stroke.
 The four-stroke CI engine is similar to the four-stroke SI engine but it
operates at a much higher compression ratio.
 The compression ratio of an SI engine is between 6 and 10 while for a
CI engine it is from 16 to 20. In the CI engine during suction stroke,
air, instead of a fuel-air mixture, is inducted.
 Due to higher compression ratios employed, the temperature at the
end of the compression stroke is sufficiently high to self ignite the fuel
which is injected into the combustion chamber.
Four-Stroke SI and CI Engine
 In CI engines, a high pressure fuel pump and an injector are provided
to inject the fuel into the combustion chamber. The carburetor and
ignition system necessary in the SI engine are not required in the CI
engine.
 Comparison of SI and CI Engines
Description SI Engine CI Engine
Basic cycle Works on Otto cycle Works on Diesel cycle
Fuel Gasoline, a highly volatile fuel. Self- Diesel oil, a non-volatile fuel. Self-ignition
ignition temperature is high temperature is comparatively low.

Introduction of fuel A gaseous mixture of fuel-air is Fuel is injected directly into the
introduced during the suction combustion chamber at high pressure at
stroke. A carburetor and an ignition the end of the compression stroke. A fuel
system are necessary. pump and injector are necessary.

Ignition Requires an ignition system with Self-ignition occurs due to high

spark plug in the combustion temperature of air because of the high
chamber. compression.

Compression ratio 6 to 10. Upper limit is fixed by 16 to 20. Upper limit is limited by weight
antiknock quality of the fuel. increase of the engine.

Thermal Efficiency Because of the lower CR, the Because of higher CR, the maximum value
maximum value of thermal of thermal efficiency that can be obtained
efficiency that can be obtained is is higher.
lower.
 Four-Stroke SI and CI Engine
1. Suction or Intake Stroke : Suction stroke starts when the piston is at the top dead
center and about to move downwards. The inlet valve is assumed to open
instantaneously and at this time the exhaust valve is in the closed position. Due to the
suction created by the motion of the piston towards the bottom dead center, the charge
consisting of fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder. When the piston reaches the
bottom dead center the suction stroke ends and the inlet valve closes instantaneously.
2. Compression Stroke: During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are in closed
position. The mixture which fills the entire cylinder volume is now compressed into the
clearance volume. At the end of the compression stroke the mixture is ignited with the
help of a spark plug located on the cylinder head. In ideal engines it is assumed that
burning takes place instantaneously when the piston is at the top dead center.
3. Expansion or Power Stroke: The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the
piston towards the BDC. Both the valves are in closed position. Of the four-strokes only
during this stroke power is produced. Both pressure and temperature decrease during
expansion.
4. Exhaust Stroke: At the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve opens
instantaneously and the inlet valve remains closed. The pressure falls to atmospheric
level a part of the burnt gases escape. The piston starts moving from the bottom dead
center to top dead center (stroke and sweeps the burnt gases out from the cylinder
almost at atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve closes when the piston reaches
TDC.
Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-
Stroke Engines
 The two-stroke engine was developed to obtain higher output from
the same size of the engine.
 The engine has no valves and valve actuating mechanism making it
mechanically simpler. Almost all two-stroke engines have no
conventional valves but only ports (some have an exhaust valve).
 This makes the two-stroke engine cheaper to produce and easy to
maintain.
Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-
Stroke Engines
Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-
Stroke Engines
Position and Number of
Cylinders
According to number of cylinders
i) Single cylinder engine
ii) Multi cylinder engine
(a) Single Cylinder. (d) Opposed Cylinder Engine. (g) Radial Engine.
(b) In-Line. (e) W Engine.
(c) V Engine. (f) Opposed Piston Engine.
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