Course Contents

 Introduction
 Data Link Layer and Multiple Access
protocols
 Network and Transport Layers
 Session, Presentation and Application
Layers
 Wireless Networking
Course Assesments

 Quizzes 15%
 Presentation 10%
 Assignment 5%
 Attendance 10%
 Final Exam 60%
……………………………………….
Total 100%
CHAPTER ONE-PART 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Outlines
 Data communication system
 Transmission modes
 Network Topology
 Categories of networks
 Protocols and Standards
 Network Models
Data Communication
 Communication means Exchange or
sharing of information
 Data refers to information presented in
any form is agreed upon by the 2 parties
 Data communications are the exchange
of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium.
Fundamental
Characteristics
The effectiveness of a data
communications system depends on 4
fundamental characteristics:
Delivery
The system must deliver data to the
correct dest.
Accuracy
The system must deliver the data
accurately.
Timeliness
The system must deliver data in a
Components of Data Comm.
Data Representation
 Text
the prevalent coding system is called
Unicode, which uses 32 bits to represent a
symbol or character used in any language.
 Numbers
the number is directly converted to a binary
number to simplify mathematical
operations.
 Images
an image is composed of a matrix of pixels
(picture elements).
 Audio
Refers to the recording or broadcasting of
sound or music.
Transmission Modes
Network Criteria's
 A set of devices (nodes) connected by
comm. links.
 A network must be able to meet a certain

number of criteria.
 Performance

Transit time and Response time.

 Reliability

Accuracy of delivery + Frequency of failure.

 Security

Protecting data from unauthorized / Damage.

Types of Connections
Topology Categories

Topology refers to the way in which a

network is laid out physically.
 Mesh Topology
 Every device has a
dedicated point-to-
point link to every
other device.
 Dedicated: the link
carries traffic only
between the two
devices it connects.
 The number
Telephone of physical links in a fully
regional
connected mesh network with n node
offices
n (n -1) /2
Advantages Dis-advantages
 Eliminating the traffic  The large amount of
problems in shared cabling and the
links by multiple number of I/O ports
devices. required.
 Is robust. If one link
 The hardware required
becomes unusable, it to connect each link
(I/O ports and cable)
does not incapacitate
can be prohibitively
the entire system. expensive.
 privacy or security.
 point-to-point links
make fault
identification and
fault isolation easy.
 Star Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
only to a central controller
 The devices are not directly linked to one another, so
no direct traffic between devices.
 The controller acts as an exchange
 local-area networks (LANs)
Advantages Dis-advantages
 Is robust. If one  dependency of the
link fails, only whole topology on
that link is one single point.
affected  More cabling is
 Easy to install required in a star
than in some
and reconfigure
other topologies
 point-to-point
links make fault
identification
and fault
isolation easy.
 Bus Topology
 Multipoint, first topologies used in the early
LANs
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link
all the devices in a network.
 Signal becomes weaker as it travels farther
 Limit on the # of taps & distance between
them
Advantages Dis-advantages
 Ease of difficult
installation reconnection and
 Less cabling
fault isolation.
 A fault or break
than Mesh and
in the bus cable
Star stops all
transmission.
 Ring Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either side
of it.
 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction.
 Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
 Regenerates the bits and passes them along
Advantages Dis-advantages
 Relatively easy to  Unidirectional
install and traffic
reconfigure  A break in
 Less cabling than the ring can disable
Mesh and Star the entire network
 fault isolation is  Lower-speeds
simplified

(Dual ring or a switch capable of

closing off the break )
Hybrid Topology
Network Models
 Computer networks are
created by different
entities.
 The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model
defines a 7-layer
network.
 The Internet model
defines a 4-layer
network.
Network categories

The category of a network is determined

by its size (Geographical area ) and
Purpose
Size

PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN

Purpose

Storage Area Network, SAN

Virtual Private Network, VPN
Enterprise Private Network, EPN
LAN
WAN
MAN
 A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a
network with a size b/w a LAN and a
WAN.
 It normally covers the area inside a
town/ a city.
 It is designed for customers who need a
high-speed connectivity (Internet) , and
have endpoints spread over a city
 High-speed (Digital Subscriber Line)DSL
Heterogeneous Network
Storage Area Network (SAN)

 Allows consolidated, block-level data

storage
 Connects servers directly to devices to
store data.
 Moves storage resources off the common
user N/W
 Reorganizes storage resources into an
independent, high-performance network.
Enterprise private network
(EPN)
 Build and owned by businesses
 securely connecting numerous locations to
share various computer resources.
 Secure, cost effective, scalable, centralize
IT resources, and enable business
continuity.
Virtual private network
(VPN)
 A private network which uses a public network to
connect remote sites or users together.
 Uses "virtual" connections routed through the
internet from the EPN or a third-party VPN service.
 It is a free or paid service that keeps your web
browsing secure and private over public WiFi
hotspots.
Protocols

 A protocol is a set of rules that

govern data communications.
 Syntax: the structure or format of the
data (frame structure)
 Semantics: the meaning of each section
of bits.
 Timing: refers to two characteristics:
 when data should be sent and how fast.
Standards
Provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
and other service providers to ensure the
interconnectivity & international
communications.
De facto ("by fact“)
Standards that have not been approved by an
organized body but have been adopted as
standards through widespread use
De jure ("by law" or "by regulation"):
Standards that have been legislated by an
officially recognized body.
Standards Organizations

 International Organization for Standardization

(ISO)
 International Telecommunication Union-
Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 Test your Self-----------------
5%network topology has a central device that connects all other
1. Which
devices?
2. Describe the various transmission modes?
3. When connecting six PCs, how many physical links are needed for
mesh technology?
4. Fill the blank

5. What is the main advantage of a mesh topology?