SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS Full

Peak Value of Sinusoidal Wave
• The maximum value

attained by an
alternating quantity
during one cycle is
called its Peak value. It
is also known as the
maximum value or
amplitude or crest
value. The sinusoidal
alternating quantity
obtains its peak value
at 90 degrees as
shown in the figure
Average Value of a Sinusoidal Wave
• The average of all the
instantaneous values of an
alternating voltage and currents
over one complete cycle is called
Average Value.
• If we consider symmetrical waves

like sinusoidal current or voltage
waveform, the positive half cycle
will be exactly equal to the
negative half cycle. Therefore,
the average value over a
complete cycle will be zero.
Average value of a full
sinusoid=0
RMS Value of a Sinusoidal Wave
• That steady current which, when flows
through a resistor of known resistance for a
given period of time than as a result the same
quantity of heat is produced by the alternating
current when flows through the same resistor
for the same period of time is called R.M.S or
effective value of the alternating current.
Irms=Imax/√2
Form Factor
• Form Factor
The ratio of the root mean square
value to the average value of an
alternating quantity (current or
voltage) is called Form Factor
Peak Factor for Sinusoidal Wave
• is defined as the ratio of maximum value to
the R.M.S value of an alternating quantity. The
alternating quantities can be voltage or
current. The maximum value is the peak value
or the crest value or the amplitude of the
voltage or current.
Examples
Single Phase Circuits
Ms. Chamila Sumathiratna

Electrical Load
• The device which takes electrical energy is
known as the electric load. In other words, the
electrical load is a device that consumes
electrical energy in the form of the current
and transforms it into other forms like heat,
light, work, etc. The electrical load may be
resistive, inductive, capacitive or some
combination between them. The term load is
used in number of ways.
Types of Electrical Load
• Resistive Loads
• Inductive Loads
• Capacitive Loads
Resistive Loads
• Obstructs the flow of electrical energy in the
circuit and converts it into thermal energy.
• The lamp and the heater are the examples of
the resistive load.
• The resistive loads take power in such a way so
that the current and the voltage wave remain in
the same phase.
• Power factor of the resistive load remains in
unity.
Inductive Loads
• The inductive loads use the magnetic field for
doing the work.
• The transformers, generators, motor are the
examples of the load.
• The inductive load has a coil which stores magnetic
energy when the current pass through it.
• The current wave of the inductive load is lagging
behind the voltage wave, and the power factor of
the inductive load is also lagging.
Capacitive Loads
• In the capacitive load, the current wave is
leading the voltage wave . The examples of
capacitive loads are capacitor bank. The
power factor of such type of loads is leading.
Resistance & Reactance
Single Phase AC Circuits -Purely Resistive
V=Vrms=Vm/√2
I=Irms=Im/√2
Average Power
10/29/2024 14
Single Phase AC Circuits -Purely Resistive
Instantaneous
voltage
Instantaneous
power Instantaneous
current
Instantaneous power
Average Power
10/29/2024 15
Ex
Find the
current in the
circuit and the
power
consumed by
the resistor
Phasor Representation
Phasor Representation
Phase
Phase Difference
In Phase
Lagging
Leading
Single Phase AC Circuits -Purely Inductive
Maximum
Current
Reactance
Average Power
How ever there are no pure

inductors without any resistance.
Inductors with negligible resistance
is considered as purely inductive
10/29/2024 24
Ex
• Find the
current
in the
circuit
and
reactive
power
Single Phase AC Circuits
-RL Circuit
V=I Z
10/29/2024 26
-Power in RL Circuit
Active
=P2 +Q2
Power Factor Cos φ = P/S
10/29/2024 27
Ex
• A coil having a resistance of 6 ohms and an
inductance of 0.03H is connected across 50V
60 Hz supply. Calculate
– Current
– Phase angle(angle between current and voltage)
– Power factor
– Apparent power (VA)
– Active power
-Purely Capacitive
10/29/2024 29
-RC Circuit
= 1/2πfC
10/29/2024 30
-Power in RC Circuit
=P2 +Q2
Power Factor Cos φ = P/S
10/29/2024 31
Ex
• A capacitor having a capacitance of 10µF is
connected in series with a non inductive
resistance of 120 ohms across 100V ,50Hz
supply. Calculate
– The current
– The phase difference between the voltage and
current
– The power
Ex
• A metal filament lamp rated at 750W,100V is
to be connected in series with a capacitance
across 230V ,60Hz. Calculate
– The capacitance required
– The phase angle
when the lamp obtains its rated voltage
Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance in
Series
• When the AC voltage is applied
through the RLC Series circuit the
resulting current I flows through
the circuit, and thus the voltage
across each element will be:
• VR = IR that is the voltage across
the resistance R and is in phase
with the current I.
• VL = IXL that is the voltage across
the inductance L and it leads the
current I by an angle of 90
degrees.
• VC = IXC that is the voltage across
capacitor C and it lags the
current I by an angle of 90
degrees.
Phasor Diagram
The phasor diagram

of the RLC series
circuit when the
circuit is acting as an
inductive circuit that
means (VL>VC) is
shown below and if
(VL< VC) the circuit will
behave as a
capacitive circuit.
Voltage Current & Impedance
Power Factor Angle
Impedance Triangle
Leading Phase Angle

When the capacitive
Lagging Phase Angle reactance is greater
Impedance triangle than the inductive
is shown below reactance the overall
when the circuit acts circuit reactance acts
as an RL series as capacitive and the
circuit (XL > XC) phase angle will be
leading.
Power Triangle-Inductive
• Draw the
power
triangle
for
S(VA)
capacitiv
Q(VAR)
e circuit
φ
with all
P(W) three
elements
Ex
• A coil of resistance 10ohms and 0.1H inductance
is connected in series with a capacitor of
capacitance 150 microfarads across 200V 50Hz
supply. Determine the following
i) impedance
ii)Current
iii)power factor
iv)voltage across the coil
v) voltage across the capacitor
Ex
• A coil of insulated wire of resistance 8 ohms and
inductance of 0.03 H is connected to an AC supply of
240V 50 Hz. Calculate,
• i) the current
• Ii) P.F
• III) Power
• Iv) the value of capacitance which when connected
in series with the above coil causes no change in the
values of current and the power taken from the
supply
Resonance
• Resonance Occur
due to the
cancellation of
inductive and
capacitive
reactance and
minimum
impedance in the
circuit . At this point
current will be
maximum.

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Peak Value of Sinusoidal Wave

• The maximum value

• If we consider symmetrical waves

Ms. Chamila Sumathiratna

How ever there are no pure

The phasor diagram

Leading Phase Angle

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