The Internet of Things –

Introduction and
Applications
Dr Asiah Lokman
What is Internet of Things?

• The Internet of Things is defined as the connectivity of

virtual and physical – objects and devices – that opens
new dimensions such as smart cities, smart homes, etc.
• Equipped with mini-computers, smart objects and
locations can take in information about their
environment and communicate with the Internet and
other smart things.
Smart LED Light Bulb
• Layer 1: Physical Entity.
The physical element, a LED light bulb, in this case, supplies the direct, physical benefit to the user.
• Layer 2: Sensor/Actuator.
The physical entity is equipped with a mini-computer that includes sensor technology and actuating
elements. The sensor integrated into the light bulb continuously measures whether people are present in
the room, while the actuator turns the light on automatically when human presence is detected.
• Layer 3: Connectivity.
The sensor technology and the actuator can be connected through an embedded radio module; the light
bulb can also transmit its status to the owner anywhere in the world.
• Layer 4: Analytics.
Sensor data is collected, stored, checked and classified. As for the light bulb, the operating hours are
recorded, and motion patterns are discerned.
• Layer 5: Digital Service.
Finally, all the layers mentioned are packaged in a suitable form – for instance, as a mobile application.
TOP 10 OF THE APPLICATION OF IOT
2020
SMART HOMES
 Smart homes filled with connected products are loaded with
possibilities to make our lives easier, more convenient, and
more comfortable.
 Ranks as highest Internet of Things application on all
measured channels.
 The total amount of funding for Smart Home start-ups
currently exceeds $2.5bn.
 Includes prominent start up names such as Nest as well as a
number of multinational corporations like Philips, Haier, or
Belkin.
SMART HOMES
WEARABLES
 The second hot area in IoT.
 Most of them connected with Smart
phones.
 Devices worn on wrist
Ex.Smart Watches-SAMSUNG GEAR
 Devices put on like a

spectacle Ex. Google Glass

 Smart garments.
 Skin coloured Tatoo/patch like
sensors.
WEARABLES
SMART CITIES
 Smart city includes traffic management to water
distribution, to waste management, urban
security and environmental monitoring.
 Many Smart City solutions have promised to
alleviate real pains of people living in cities these
days.
 IoT solutions in the area of Smart City solve traffic
congestion problems, reduce noise and pollution
and help make cities safer.
SMART GRIDS

 Smart grid uses information about the behaviours

of electricity suppliers and consumers in an
automated fashion.
 This technology helps in:

1. Deliver power more efficiently

2. Improve operations

3. Reduce emissions and management costs

4. Restore power failures faster.

INDUSTRIAL IOT
 Aims at improving productivity and efficiency in
businesses.
 Many market researches such as Gartner or Cisco
see the industrial IoT as the IoT concept with the
highest overall potential.
 However its popularity currently doesn’t reach the
masses like smart home or wearable do.
CONNECTED CARS
Applications can be separated into two
categories:
1. In vehicle applications
2. V2V (Vehicle to vehicle) applications
 Focuses on 2 areas
1. Improving the customer
experience
2. Optimizing supply chain operation
KEY FEATURES OF IOT

• AI – enhance every aspect of your life with the power of data collection, artificial
intelligence & networks
• Connectivity - IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
• Sensors - They act as defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive
network of devices into an active system capable of real-world integration.
• Active Engagement - IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.
• Small Devices - Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.
Implemented the IoT
concept in Malaysia
Case Study
 Consumers can use
IoT can be divided IoT devices to collect
into 3 primary users personal data
which is consumer, information such as
industry and public- monitoring health
sector. and automating
household functions.

3 primary
users
Public sectors and
In terms of industry,
communities can use
IoT can benefit them
IoT devices to
in optimizing process
address concerns
and generate cost
such as changes in
savings.
the environment.
 Insurance Premium

Education
4 area
Agriculture

Healthcare
 The future of the automotive industry is to turn the vehicle into a valuable
partner using the IoT, where every device is connected to the internet.

Below are some of the functions of connected car:

IoT in
Stolen Vehicle Tracking (SVT)

Motor Automatic roadside assistance in case of crashes

Insurance Information calls to Telematics Service Provider (TSP)

Premium Vehicle updates

Remote service

Video streaming
Advantages
• The use of sensors and actuators in vehicles are useful for a customer to have
real-time information about their vehicle to avoid occurrence of untoward
events.
• Customer also can make decision on buying a car insurance coverage according to
the data collected by their car.
Challenges in IoT in Insurance
Industry
i. Integrating IoT with Vehicles
• There are a lot of connected devices such as sensor and RAM memory must be installed in the car
system architecture. Thus, it makes it one of the challenges in implementing the IoT in the
automobile insurance industry.
• A new system in terms of sensor technology must be design and implemented to overcome this
issue. The issue on updating and maintaining the software also is the one of the challenges. If the
car system is not updated to the new version, it will cause a lot of trouble and can affect the
safety of the users of the vehicle.
• This issue must be overcome first before implement the IoT in the insurance industry.
ii. Data Ownership
• Data ownership is a big challenge for many insurers. The question is, “Does the data belong to the
insurance company or the customer?”.
• Customers probably would argue about their rights over those data and need to access to
historical data on their claims history to change insurers at renewal.
iii. Data Security and Fraud
• IoT has becomes widespread and it opens the opportunity for cyber-attack and fraud.
• extreme quantity of data that will flow between the connected vehicles, connected home and
insurance company is unprotected to interception.
• The new IoT products are also likely to lead to new application and claim frauds. Insurers will
need to invest more for data security and fraud protection.
 IoT in Education
• The idea of the inter-networking between devices is to connect people with more
understanding about the surrounding and allows more exchange of information
between device and people.
• Smart devices are used by people nowadays more towards daily life routine and
not in the education industry.
Advantages
• Digital campus or Smart School can attract more students to learn with the
integration of the technology in education.
• Management process much easier with the use of IoT which makes administrative
cost cheaper and more efficiently.
• Government needs to provide more funds to the universities and schools to
become a Smart Digital Campus/School.
• This will give a huge impact on education industry to Malaysia.
Challenge in IoT in Education
1) Capability to integrate IoT in classroom
• IoT offers lots of advantages to teachers and students, however it also leaves
some concerns about its implementation.
• successfully integrate the devices in the classroom, an education provider need
to have capabilities to provide necessary equipment such as Wi-Fi, robust
network bandwidth, teachers training, devices for students and more.
• Education organization need to make sure both of IT equipment and teaching
strategies suitable and support the use of IoT in classroom.
2) Security and privacy
• Since these devices measuring and collecting students’ data, they’re
putting the security and privacy of students at risk by maximizing the
storage of sensitive data in Internet-based network of connected
devices prone to cyber-attacks.
3) Difficult to manage
• IoT program could be expensive and hard to manage. Some devices
and applications are not compatible and impede the organization’s
ability to make an IT environment that is accessible to all users.
Introduction
• The motivation for the research in the field of IoT is to create a Smart city.
• The main goal is to make a better world for human being where every device
around can understand the situation and perform an action without any explicit
instruction.
• Implementation of IoT concept came with different technological and social
challenges.
Introduction
• The IoT device has low resources in terms of computation and battery capacity.
• So, the solution for implementation of IoT should be efficient in terms of resource
utilization, secure and interoperable in an interconnected network.
 In the late 1970s, the systems that remotely monitor meters on the electrical
grid used
In 1990, the first internet toaster which turned on or off was presented in
internet conferences.

In 2001, other things came with IPbased like a soda machine at Carnegie Mellon
University in
the US and a coffee pot in the Trojan Room at the University
of Cambridge in the UK

EVOLUTIO The European Commission (EC)

had made a lot of efforts in the field of IoT since 2006. In

N OF IOT 2008, EC published a Staff Working Document to discuss

policy issues in the governance of IoT

In 2009, IBM’s CEO

S. Palmisano proposed the concept of "Smart Planet" in which
everyday item like the power grid, airports, railway station are
equipped with sensors

Today, the IoT devices are

still primarily things on the Internet that require more human
interest and research. The evolution of the IoT is just starting
to be realized.
ELEMENTS OF IOT
Identification
• Identification is one of the important element which is used to uniquely identify
the device and provide required service to it in IoT network.
• The different Identification methods are used to identify IoT objects like as
electronic product codes (EPC) and ubiquitous codes (uCode) [8].
• IPv6 and IPv4 are used for addressing methods of IoT objects.
• The IPv6 header is compressed with 6LoWPAN compression mechanism that
makes IPV6 efficient for low power wireless networks
Sensing
• The IoT sensing is used to collect data from a different object in the network and
send it to the database.
• The collected data is used to take respective action.
• For example, a company like Smart-Things used smart hubs and mobile
application to control home appliances and make a home as smart home.
• In a smart home, people can monitor and control thousands of devices with their
smartphone
Communication

• IoT communication element is used to connect different IoT objects to each

other.
• IoT devices have low power and noisy communication link.
• RFID is the first technology used for Machine-to-machine communication.
• Wifi is another communication technology used to exchange data in 100 m range.
• Bluetooth is also a communication technology used to exchange data between
devices over a short distance.
Computation
• Computation Hardware like microcontrollers, microprocessors, and software
applications are used for the computation of IoT.
• Various Hardware platform has been developed for IoT like Arduino, Raspberry
PI, Gadgeteer, BeagleBone, Cubieboard, etc.
• Various Software platforms have been developed like RTOS operating System.
TinyOS , LiteOS and RTOS are different lightweight OS that are designed for IoT
environments.
 ARCHITECTURE
OF IOT

• The layers in IoT architecture

divided into two parts by internet
layer.
• Top two layer are used for data
utilization in the application and
two bottom layers are used for
data capturing.
• Edge Layer
Edge Layer is the lowest layer in the layered architecture of IoT. This layer consists
of different elements like IoT devices, sensor, and RFID tags. These elements give
information about identification, processing, and communication.
• Access gateway layer
This layer handles the data in the IoT environment. It performs an operation like
publishing route message and in some cases perform cross communication.
• Middleware layer
This is one of the important layers in IoT layered architecture which acts as an interface
between hardware layer and application layer .
It is mainly used for device management and perform functions like data filtering,
semantic analysis, information discovery.
• Application layer:
This is the top most layer in the IoT layered architecture. Its main function is to deliver
different applications to users .
Applications can be from a different category like manufacturing, industries, food,
environment, etc.
IOT PROTOCOLS
• In IoT, identifying the protocol design for interconnection of the sensor device is a
main challenging task.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) are designing new communications and security
protocols that will play a fundamental role in the implementation of IoT
applications.
• While designing protocol for IoT, low-energy sensing devices and low—rate
wireless communications are the main constraint.
• MQTT is the Message Queue Telemetry Transport protocol.
• It is used for collecting data from IoT devices and send it to Servers. Its main purpose is
telemetry or remote monitoring.
• It is used to monitor and control a large network of small IoT devices from the cloud. It is
simple and also offering few control options. In MQTT, real time is measured in seconds.
• It is used for an application for monitoring an oil pipeline for leaks, power usage
monitoring, lighting control, and even intelligent gardening.
• It collects data from these devices and share that data with servers and make it available.
XMPP

• XMPP is an Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol.

• Itwas developed for connecting people with instant messaging
• (IM) via text messages.
• It uses XML text format as its native type for the communication. In IoT, it provides an easy way to address a
device.
• In XMPP, real time is measured in seconds.
• It provides a way to connect home thermostat to web server
• and access it through the phone.
• It is an efficient solution for consumer-oriented IoT applications because of addressing,
• security, and scalability features.
• AMQP is the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. Its main goal is not losing
messages during communication.
• It uses TCP for communication from queues to subscribers which provides reliable
point-to-point connection and endpoint also send acknowledge of acceptance of
each message.
• It tracks all messages and ensures that each message is delivered to intended
endpoint. It is mostly used for business messaging. In the IoT, it is appropriate for
server-based analysis functions.
• DDS: DDS is Data Distribution Service (DDS).
• It is used to connect devices to other devices and distributes data to other devices.
• In IoT, the device needs to communicate with another device. TCP is the reliable and simple solution for
connecting devices. But, it is very restrictive.
• DDS offers detailed quality of-service (QoS) control, multicast, configurable reliability, and pervasive redundancy.
• It has efficient ways to filter data and send selected data to thousands of simultaneous destinations. There are also
lightweight versions of DDS for some small IoT devices. DDS is used with High-performance integrated device
system.
• It provides flexibility, reliability, and speed to build complex, real-time applications. It is able to efficiently deliver
millions of messages per second to many simultaneous receivers. In DDS, real time is measured in microseconds. It
is used for an application like military systems, wind farms, hospital integration, medical imaging, and asset-
tracking systems.
CHALLENGES OF IOT
• Security
• Privacy
• Scalability:
• Standards and interoperability:
• Low power communication:
• Security threats from ubiquitous devices:
Mobile Computing
• Mobile Computing