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RF 11

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26 views11 pages

RF 11

Uploaded by

tamalghosh.vlsi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSMITTER

ARCHITECTURE
A transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device that generates radio
waves using an antenna. A radio frequency current is applied to the antenna which
in turn produces electromagnetic waves

Information → Baseband date → analog/digital

Modulation → ASK/FSK/QPSK
driver and PA are amplifiers

part of the power amplifier to drive the power amplifier

using one stage of PA is not enough

Cascade stage in order to increase gain increase the power of our


signal

matching circuits

• transfer maximum power to the antenna


50Ω impedance matching to antenna
• matching circuit acts as a filter and filters the narrowband
unwanted signal
modulation
filter will attenuate these harmonics
• Modulation Base-band modulation shift channel to higher frequencies
• Up-conversion two channels around the local oscillator
• Power amplification

Baseband signals → RF

ASK QPSK GMSK


Comparison between up-conversion and down-conversion

similar to the receiver topologies but with the operations performed in reverse order
RF power amplifier : amplify the signal as the signal experiences attenuation from the outside environment → power amplifier
is used to increase its strength
power depends on the application
Direct Conversion Transmitter

upconvert the data from baseband to RF frequency → direct


conversion transmitter

depends on the modulation

ASK modulation
GMSK waveform in GSM

constant-envelope modulation

FSK waveform : xFSK(t) = Ac cos[ωct + mxBB(t)dt]

Frequency modulator : freq tuning by voltage


voltage-controlled oscillator

Square baseband pulses applied to the VCO

Pulse shaping for frequency modulation → Gaussian filter


Higher tolerance to linearity h(t) impulse response of the Gaussian
filter

Optimized efficiency for power amplifier

VCO → Gaussian filter → pulse shaping


Direct-Conversion Transmitters
quadrature baseband signals

Direct translation to RF spectrum quadrature upconverter

Absence of LNA
xBB I

xBB Q
Problem of Injection Pulling

Chances of coupling between PA and LO

Same centre frequency of PA and LO

Injection of frequency component to oscillator through parasite capacitance

oscillator is susceptible to any external periodic signal whose frequency is close to the oscillator frequency

Phase difference: input-output

Solution?
Heterodyne Transmitter
two-step upconversion → two steps of mixingOutput → two channels

At the end of the first mixing →1st phase IF band pass filter remove one of these
channels
Second mixer → upconvert IF to RF

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