Living Longer and Healthier Lives

• Do you want to live longer and healthier?

• Yes
• If you want to live longer and healthier what you need?
• We need clean environment,
• Healthy and nutritious food and
• Good Medical care
• Long time back, why people used to die very early as compared to now?
• A long time back, humans did not understand diseases, and thus did not know how to cure them.
Diseases were considered to be a curse of God. But today, due to the tremendous progress made by
medical science, A) we understand why
diseases occur.
B) Several methods of diagnosing diseases have been developed.
C)
Thousands of medicines are now available , and more are being developed to treat different diseases.
• In this chapter, we will look at some major developments in the field of medical science.
• The Clinical Thermometer
• What is Fever?
• Often when We fall ill, our body becomes warmer. This is known as fever. Fever is a sign of a disease.
• When you complain that you are not feeling well, what your parents will do?
• Your parents touch your forehead to find out if it is warm or not.
• Do you think this give correct idea about the fever you have?
• No. This does not give.
• So, What do they do?
• They measure the temperature of the body with the help of a clinical thermometer.
• What is Temperature?
• Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.
• How Temperature is measured?
• It is measured in °C (degree Celsius) or °F (degree Fahrenheit).
• Who invented the clinical thermometer?
• It was invented by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

• The Stethoscope
• Have you seen anytime Stethoscope and how doctor uses it?
• When you are ill, you go to a doctor. The doctor examines your chest and back with a Stethoscope.
• How Stethoscope is used?
• The doctor is able to listen to the sound of your heart and your breathing through the instrument . It helps them to find out what
you are suffering from.
• Who invented the Stethoscope?
• Stethoscope was invented by a French scientist called Rene Laennec
• Microscope
• Have you seen any time a Microscope?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUo2fHZaZCU
• What is the use of a Microscope?
• A microscope magnifies a tiny object and makes it look much larger. It helps us to see things
which are too small to see with the naked eye.
• Who invented the first Microscope?
• The first microscope was probably made by Zacharias Janssen in about 1590. He was a
spectacle maker in Holland. Several scientists helped to improve the microscope.
• In what way the microscope contributed to the development of medicine ?
• With its help, scientists were able to see, for the first time, the germs that caused diseases.
• Over the years, they have been able to identify germs that cause different diseases. It then
became possible to find medicines that could cure diseases by killing those germs.
• How doctors know the type of germs?
• Today, doctors examine the blood or urine of a patient under a microscope to see the germs. This
helps them find out the disease the patient is suffering from.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enxYPfMl2fA
• Machines that can look inside your body
• Do you know any of such machines?
• Several new machines have been developed, which can look inside your body and produce pictures of
it.
• X-ray machines can take pictures of the inside of a person's body.
• Scanners produce pictures which show more details than an X-ray photograph.
• The different types of scanners available are ultrasound, CAT ( CT Scan ) and MRI.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsxUmvvXOcA
• With the help of these machines, doctors can see images of bones and internal organs and find out the
disease a patient is suffering from.

• X-Ray MRI Scan CT Scan

CT Scan Vs. MRI Scan
• Uses Radio Waves and Magnets Uses X-rays
• Surgery and Anaesthesia
• Have you heard of term Surgery ? If yes, What it is?
• Sometimes, to treat a defective organ in the body, it is necessary to cut open the body and
operate on the organ. This is known as surgery. Through surgery, it is possible to repair the organ
and cure the disease. In some cases, it is also possible to replace the organ with a healthy one.
• Ancient Indian texts mention surgery being practised in ancient India.
• Can a person enjoy a surgery?
• No. Surgery was very painful earlier. Now doctors make the patients unconscious before
operating, so that they do not feel the pain.
• How doctors make patients unconscious?
• Doctors give the patients anaesthesia to make them unconscious.
• Chloroform was one of the first drugs to be used as an anaesthetic. The first operation using
chloroform as an anaesthetic was performed on 18 November 1847.

• Typically, the kidnapper would douse his white (for some reason) handkerchief in chloroform and then place it over the nostrils of an unsuspecting
victim, who’s usually the film’s heroine. And instantly, she drops unconscious.
• Antibiotics
• What are Bacteria?
• Bacteria are germs which spread several diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera and typhoid.
• Have you heard of Penicillin?
• In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered a drug called penicillin which could prevent the growth of bacteria. He used the
drug to cure many types of bacterial infections.
• Later many other such drugs were discovered. They are called antibiotics.
• The discovery of antibiotics was an important milestone in the development of medicine.
• Vaccination
• What is the difference between Antibiotic and vaccine?
• Medicines, such as antibiotics, cure diseases, but vaccines prevent diseases from occurring. If a person is vaccinated
against a disease, her or his body develops the ability to fight the germs that cause the disease. Vaccines which act
against several diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera and tetanus are available today.
• What was the first vaccine to be discovered ?
• The first vaccine to be discovered was against the dreaded disease smallpox.
This disease was a major cause of death in the l8th century.
• Who invented Smallpox vaccine?
• An English doctor, Edward Jenner, observed that people who had a mild disease
called cowpox did not suffer from smallpox. So, he injected cowpox germs into
the Body of a young boy in 1796. A few weeks
later, he injected him with smallpox germs.
The boy did not get smallpox . He successfully tried this method of preventing smallpox on other people.
Edward Jenner had discovered a vaccine for smallpox
• Today, thanks to him, smallpox has been removed from the world. Since then, vaccines have been developed against
many diseases such as polio,tuberculosis, hepatitis, cholera and tetanus.
• Pasteurisation
• What causes Diseases?
• Many diseases are caused by tiny germs.
• Can these germs carry diseases from one person to another?
• Yes.
• Can Heat kill germs?
• Yes.
• Who discovered that Heat kills Germs?
• Louis Pasteur

• Louis Pasteur, a Frenchman, studied the causes of diseases. He showed that many diseases are caused by tiny
germs. These germs also carried diseases from one person to another. He discovered that heat kills germs.
Milk or water can be boiled to kill germs and prevent diseases.
• What is pasteurisation
• The process of killing germs by boiling followed by rapid cooling, especially in milk, is called pasteurisation.
• Antiseptics
• Joseph Lister, a surgeon, lived about 150 years ago. At that time surgery was new and many
patients died after operations due to infection of the wounds. Lister tried several methods of
controlling the infection without success. Then, he studied Pasteur's findings about germs. He
realised that germs caused the infections in the wounds and started looking for a method to
kill the germs. He tried a chemical called carbolic acid. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air ,
washed his hands, instruments and the patients' skin with it before performing an operation.
The deaths due to infections came down dramatically. Joseph Lister had discovered the
first antiseptic-a chemical that kills germs.
• Keeping Healthy
• What makes your body unhealthy?
• A) Germs cause several diseases
• B) Many Diseases are also caused if we do not eat a proper diet.
• What are simple rules to remain ourselves healthy?
• We can remain healthy by following simple rules which take care of above two factors.
• 1. Eat good nutritious food, which gives the body all the nutrients it needs.
• 2. Keep yourself and your surroundings clean. This prevents the breeding and spreading of germs. Keep
your body clean by having a bath with soap and water every day. Wash your hands with soap and water
before and after eating. Garbage breeds germs, and insects spread germs. Therefore, always keep
garbage covered. Dispose it from time to time, and do not allow it to accumulate.
• 3. Exercise regularly. Exercising strengthens the body and it becomes more capable of fighting
diseases .
• 4. When you feel unwell, go to a doctor. The doctor will find out what disease you are suffering from
using some of the methods you have read about in this chapter. She or he will give you the proper
medicine to cure you.

• Thank You