CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 18
Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz
[email protected]

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Last Lecture Summary I
 Operating System Evolution
 Types of Operating Systems
 Stand alone Operating Systems
 DOS
 Windows NT
 Windows 9x (Windows 95, 98 ME)
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7
 Mac OS X
 Unix
 Linux
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Last Lecture Summary II
 Network Operating Systems
 Features
 Windows NT Server
 Windows 2000 Server
 Windows 2003 Server
 Windows 2008 Server
 Unix for Servers
 Linux for Servers
 Solaris
 Novell Netware

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 Embedded Operating
 Systems
built into the circuitry of an electronic device
 unlike a PC's operating system, which resides on a
magnetic disk
 Stable and fast
 Found in wide variety of devices
 Appliances
 Automobiles
 Bar-code scanners
 Cell phones,
 Medical equipment and
 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs
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 Embedded Operating
Systems
An embedded operating system resides on
a ROM chip on a mobile device or
consumer electronic device

Windows Windows
Palm OS iPhone OS
Embedded CE Mobile

Google Embedded
BlackBerry Symbian OS
Android Linux

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 Windows XP Embedded
 Based on Windows XP
Professional
 Not an off-the-shelf OS so
much as it is a do-it-
yourself kit for device
manufacturers
 who wish to pick and choose
the parts of the Windows XP
Professional OS their
products need
 Customized for each
device 6
 Windows CE
 Scaled-down Windows OS designed for use on
communications, entertainment, and computing devices with
limited functionality
 Although a small OS, it supports wireless communications,
multimedia and Web browsing
 Windows CE is a GUI that supports color, sound, multitasking,
multimedia, e-mail, Internet access, and Web browsing
 A built-in file viewer allows users to view files created in
popular programs such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
 Devices equipped with Windows CE can communicate
wirelessly with computers and other devices using Bluetooth
or other wireless technologies,
 as long as the device is equipped with the necessary
communications hardware
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 Windows CE
 Allows for the use of smaller versions of Microsoft
Word, Excel, Internet Explorer and Outlook.
 Microsoft is positioning a version of Windows CE for the
automotive market, calling it Windows Automotive.
 Examples of devices that use Windows CE include
 VoIP telephones, industrial control devices
 digital cameras, point-of-sale terminals
 automated teller machines, digital photo frames
 fuel pumps, security robots, handheld navigation devices
 portable media players, ticket machines, and
 computerized sewing machines.

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 Windows CE
 Also provided as a kit to
manufacturers
 Customized for each device
 Not based on a desktop
OS This sewing machine uses
Windows Embedded CE to assist
 Latest version is designed with stitching quilts, garments,
specially for embedded crafts, decorations, and embroidery
devices requiring a real-time
OS

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 Windows Mobile
 based on Windows Embedded CE,
includes functionality, programs, and a
user interface designed for specific
types of smart phones and PDAs
 Devices with a touch screen use
 Windows Mobile Professional, and
 Devices without touch screens use Smart phone
with Windows
 Windows Mobile Standard Mobile OS
 Allows for the use of smaller versions
of Microsoft Word, Excel, Internet
Explorer and Outlook
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 Windows Mobile
 Users have access to all the basic PIM (personal
information manager) functions such as
 contact lists, schedules, tasks, calendars, and notes
 Information on the mobile device easily synchronizes with a
personal computer or prints on a printer using a cable or a
wireless technology.
 Additional features that allow users to
 check e-mail, browse the Web, listen to music,
 take pictures or record video, watch a video,
 send and receive text messages and instant messages
 record a voice message, manage finances, view a map
 read an e-book, or play a game.
 Some devices also support handwriting and voice input.
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 Pocket PC
 A custom version of Windows CE
developed by Microsoft
 Developed to compete with Palm OS
 Not customizable
 Interacts securely with business networks
 Run on ARM version 4 compatible CPUs
 application components, such as
 Microsoft® Pocket Internet Explorer
 Microsoft® Pocket Word
 Microsoft® Pocket Excel, and
 Microsoft® Pocket Outlook.

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 Pocket PC
 includes an optimized kernel, which allows the
OS to operate with great efficiency
 These devices are targeted at the business
and corporate market rather than consumers.
 The latest version gives users the ability to
securely access data from a business network
via a handheld device, and
 It gives system administrators the ability to
manage and control a PC or server via a
wireless network connection.

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 Palm OS
 Proprietary mobile OS
 Standard OS on Palm PDA
 First PDA OS for consumers
 Can be found on smart phones
 Designed for ease of use with a
touch screen-based GUI
 provided with a suite of basic
applications for Personal
Information Management (PIM)
 Run on ARM architecture-
based processors 14
 Palm OS Features
 Simple, single-tasking environment to allow launching of
full screen applications with a basic, common GUI set
 Monochrome or color screens with resolutions up to
480x320 pixel
 Handwriting recognition input system called Graffiti 2
 HotSync technology for data synchronization with desktop
computers
 Sound playback and record capabilities
 Simple security model: Device can be locked by password,
arbitrary application records can be made private
 TCP/IP network access
 Serial port/USB, infrared, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections
 Expansion memory card support
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 Palm OS
 With Palm OS devices, users manage schedules
and contacts, phone messages, notes, task and
address lists, and appointments.
 Information on the mobile device easily prints on a
printer using a cable or a wireless technology.
 Many Palm OS devices allow users to connect
wirelessly to the Internet; browse the Web; send
and receive e-mail messages, text messages, and
instant messages; listen to music; record voice
messages; and view digital photos.
 The latest version of Palm OS allows for biometric
identification and supports the use of smart cards
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 iPhone OS (iOS)
 Developed by Apple, is an OS for the
iPhone, iPad, Apple TV and iPod Touch
 These devices are multi-touch,
meaning they recognize multiple points
of contact
 Interface control elements consist of
sliders, switches, and buttons.
 provides Wi-Fi access to the iTunes
Music Store iPhone OS
runs on Apple
 iOS is derived from OS X, with which it iPhone

shares the Darwin foundation, and is

therefore a Unix operating system 17
 iOS
 User interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct
manipulation, using multi-touch gestures
 enables users to interact with iPhone OS devices
using finger motions such as
 tapping a button on the screen,
 sliding your finger to drag an object, and
 pinching or unpinching your fingers to zoom in or out
 response to user input is immediate and provides a
fluid interface
 Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as
 swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch,
 all of which have specific definitions within the context of the
iOS and its multi-touch interface
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 iOS
 Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to
respond to shaking the device
 one common result is the undo command
 or rotating it in three dimensions
 one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode
 users can manage contacts and notes,
 send and receive e-mail and text messages
 take pictures, record videos, record voice messages,
 view a compass, connect to the Internet wirelessly and
browse the Web,
 check stocks, access maps and obtain directions
 listen to music, watch movies and videos, and display
photos.
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 BlackBerry OS
 Proprietary OS for BlackBerry line of
smartphone handheld devices
 Runs on handheld devices supplied
by RIM (Research In Motion)
 provide PIM capabilities such as
managing schedules, contacts, and
appointments
 provides multitasking and supports Smart phone using
specialized input particularly the Blackberry OS

trackwheel, trackball, trackpad and

touchscreen
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 BlackBerry OS
 Many BlackBerry devices include a mini
keyboard;
 Some have touch screens
 provide wireless functionality that includes
 sending e-mail messages, text messages, and instant
messages; connecting to the Internet and browsing
the Web; and accessing Bluetooth devices
 Information on the device easily synchronizes
wirelessly with a computer or other BlackBerry
device
 Some devices allow users to take pictures, play
music, and access maps and directions 21
 Google Andriod
 Open source, Linux-based OS
designed by Google for mobile devices
such as smart phones and Tablet PCs
 Allows programmers to design
programs specifically for devices
supporting this OS
 Contains features such as
 access to e-mail accounts
 an alarm clock, video capture
 access to Google Apps, Wi-Fi access
 easy Web browsing
 Used on more than 20 different types
of mobile devices
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 Google Andriod
 consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel,
with middleware, libraries and APIs written in C
and application software running on an
application framework which includes Java-
compatible libraries
 main hardware platform for Android is the ARM
architecture
 SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is
used for data storage purposes
 native support for multi-touch
 supports multiple languages
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 Embedded Linux
 Scaled-down Linux OS system
designed for smart phones,
PDAs, portable media players
and Internet telephones
 Provide calendar and address
book and other PIM functions
 Support for touch screens and
handwriting recognition
 Devices synchronize with Pc with
a variety of technologies including Smart phone using
Embedded Linux
Bluetooth
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 Symbian OS
 Open-source, multitasking
operating system designed for
smart phones
 Provide support for Touch
screens, Voice, Games,
multimedia functions and Internet
connectivity
 Full color display
 Make telephone calls, save
appointments, browse Web, send
and receive e-mail and faxes etc.
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 Symbian OS
 Created with three systems design principles in
mind:
 integrity and security of user data is paramount
 user time must not be wasted
 all resources are scarce
 Features pre-emptive multitasking and memory
protection
 allows users to communicate wirelessly
 Strong localization support enabling manufacturers
and 3rd party application developers to localize
their products in order to support global distribution.
 Currently 48 languages are supported
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 Utilities Software
 System software designed to help analyze,
configure, optimize or maintain a computer
 A single piece of utility software is usually called
a utility or tool
 Utility software usually focuses on how the
computer infrastructure operates including
 computer hardware
 operating system
 application software and
 data storage
 Utilities enhances or extends OS capabilities
 Some offer features not included with OS 27
Utility Program
 A type of system software that allows a user to
perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to
managing a computer, its devices, or its programs

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 Utility Software
 As an OS is improved and updated, the
functionality of popular utilities is included with
subsequent releases of the OS
 Most OS include several built-in utility software
 Users often buy stand-alone utilities because
they offer improvements over those included
with the OS
 Thousands of different utility software and many
of them are available on Internet
 Some are free and some are priced from very
inexpensive to hundreds of dollars
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Functions Provided by Utility
Software
Managing files Securing a computer from


 Searching for files unauthorized access

 Viewing images  Setting up screen savers
 Uninstalling programs  Protecting against viruses
 Cleaning up Disks  Removing spyware and
 Defragmenting Disks adware
 Backing up files and disks
 Filtering Internet content
 Disk Compression
 Compressing files
 Disk Partitions
 Playing media files
 Disk space analyzers
 Burning optical discs and
 Cryptographic
 Maintaining a PC
 Network utilities
 Registry cleaners

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 File Manager
 A utility that performs functions related to file
management
 Displaying a list of files
 Organizing files in folders
 Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting
files and folders
 folder is a specific named location on a storage medium
that contains related documents
 Creating shortcuts
 shortcut is an icon on the desktop or in a folder that
provides a user with immediate access to a program or file
 OS typically include a file manager
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 Windows Explorer
 displays links to files and folders, as well as
previews of folder contents and certain types of files
 Long file names
 Folders can be created and nested
 All storage devices work consistently

thumbnail
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 Search Utility
 a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer
based on criteria you specifies
 can look through documents, photos, music, and other files on
your computer and/or on the Internet, combining search
results in a single location
 criteria could be a word or words contained in a file, date the
file was created or modified, size of the file, location of the file,
file name, author/ artist, and other similar properties

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 Search Utility - Index
 typically use an index to assist with locating files quickly.
 An index stores a variety of information about a file,
including its name, date created, date modified, author
name, and so on.
 When you enter search criteria, instead of looking
through every file and folder on the storage medium, the
search utility looks through the index first to find a match.
 Each entry in the index contains a link to the actual file
on the disk for easy retrieval
 OS typically include a built-in search utility.
 In Windows, all the Explorer windows, as well as the
Start menu, contain a Search box where you enter the
search criteria.
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 Image Viewer / Image
 Browser
a utility that allows users to
display, copy, and print the
contents of a graphics file,
such as a photo
 users can see images without
having to open them in a paint
or image editing program
 Most OS has an image viewer Windows Photo Viewer
allows user to see the
 Windows Photo Viewer, which contents of a photo file
also allows you to print and e-
mail photos
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 Image Viewer
 it can often handle various graphics file formats.
 Such software usually renders the image
according to properties of the display such as
color depth, display resolution, and color profile
 Typical features of image viewers are:
 basic viewing operations such as zooming and
rotation
 fullscreen display, Slideshow, thumbnail display
 Printing, screen capture
 Common Image viewer include
 Windows Picture Viewer, ACDSee, IrfanView, XnView,
MediaPro1, Eye of GNOME, Gwenview 36
 Uninstaller
 A utility that removes a program, as well as any
associated entries in the system files
 When a program is installed, OS records the information
it uses to run the software in the system files
 Uninstaller deletes files and folders from the hard disk, as
well as removes program entries from the system files
 OS usually provide an uninstaller

Removes a In Windows XP,

program and uninstaller is in Add/Remove
all associated files Programs in Control Panel
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 Disk Cleanup
 A disk cleanup utility
searches for and removes
unnecessary files
 Downloaded program files
 Temporary Internet files
 Unused program files
 Delete temp files
 Uninstall unused programs
 Delete obsolete data files
 OS such as Windows,
include a disk cleanup utility
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 Scan a disk for Errors
 Bad spots on the media
 Find and fix the error
 Move data to a good spot
 Mark the spot as bad
 Scanning a disk can be a time-consuming
process, but if the disk has errors, scanning
may be able to fix problems and improve
performance
 Several (but not all) versions of Windows have
a built-in disk-scanning utility
 Disks should be scanned monthly
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 Checking Disk Errors
 To do a complete scan
of the disk and correct
any errors that are
found
 Place a checkmark in
the ‘Scan for and
attempt recovery of
bad sectors’ check
box, and
 then click the Start
button.
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Disk Defragmenter
 reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard
disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly
and programs run faster
 A fragmented disk has many files stored in noncontiguous
sectors. Defragmenting reorganizes the files so that they are
located in contiguous sectors, which speeds access time

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 Disk Defragmentation
 Which combines all files so that no files are stored in a
noncontiguous manner
 The defragmentation process can consume more than
one hour in some cases.
 You can cancel the operation at any time by clicking the
Stop operation button in the Disk Defragmenter window

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Disk Defragmenter

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 File Compression
 Shrinks the size of a file
 Takes up less space on disk
 Will increase disk capacity
 Compressing files frees up space on the storage
media and improves system performance
 Uploading and downloading compressed files to and
from the Internet reduces the file transmission time
 Compressed files, sometimes called zipped files,
usually have a .zip extension
 Lossy and Lossless compression
 PKZip, WinZip and WinRAR
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File Compression

763 KB
on disk

Compressed
157 KB

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 Backup and Restore Utility
 A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium
such as another hard disk, optical disc, USB flash drive, or tape
 During the back up process, the utility monitors progress and alerts
you if it needs additional media, such as another disc
 Most compress files during backup to require less storage space
 By compressing the files, the
backup program requires less
storage space for the backup
files than for the original files.
 Because they are
compressed, you usually
cannot use backup files in
their backed up form

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Backup and Restore Utility
 A restore utility reverses the process and returns
backed up files to their original form
 Backup utilities work with a restore utility
 Most backup and restore utilities include a scheduler,
which instructs the computer to perform a backup
automatically on a regularly scheduled basis.
 OS, such as Windows, include
a backup and restore utility
 When you purchase an
external hard disk, it also
usually includes a backup and
restore utility
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 Diagnostic Utility
 Compiles technical
information about
hardware and
some software
 Prepares report
outlining problems

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Screen Saver
 A screen saver causes a
display device’s screen to
show a moving image or
blank screen if no activity
occurs for a specified
time
 To secure computer, user
configures screen saver
to require password to
deactivate

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 Firewall
 Crucial utility
 Detects and protects your
computer from unauthorized
intruders
 Makes computer invisible to
hackers
 Zone Alarm is a home firewall
 Cisco sells hardware firewalls
 Windows XP automatically
enables the built-in personal
firewall upon installation

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 Intrusion Detection
 monitors network or system activities for malicious
activities or policy violations and produces reports to a
Management Station
 primarily focused on identifying possible incidents,
logging information about them, and reporting attempts
 differs from a firewall in that a firewall looks outwardly
for intrusions in order to stop them from happening.
 Firewalls limit access between networks to prevent
intrusion and do not signal an attack from inside the
network
 Often part of a firewall package
 Announces attempts to breach security
 Snort is a Linux based package 51
 Virus, Worm and Trojans
A virus describes a potentially damaging computer
program that affects a computer negatively

A worm copies A Trojan horse An antivirus

itself hides within or program
repeatedly in looks like a protects a
memory or legitimate computer
over a network program against viruses

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 Signs of Virus Infection

 Effective antivirus
products not only detect
and remove viruses; they
also help you recover
data that has been lost
because of a virus
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 Anti-Virus Software
 Crucial utility
 Identifies and removes viruses in memory,
storage media and incoming files
 Most antivirus programs also protect against
worms and Trojan horses
 Must be updated regularly
 Popular Antivirus Programs
 McAfee, Norton Anti-Virus, Microsoft Security
Essential, Kaspersky
 McAfee and Norton offer Web-based antivirus
programs
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 Spyware and Adware
Spyware is a program placed on
Adware displays an online
a computer without the user’s
advertisement in a banner or
knowledge that secretly collects
pop-up window
information about the user
• A spyware remover detects • An adware remover is a
and deletes spyware and other program that detects and
similar programs deletes adware

 Some OS and antivirus programs include spyware

and adware removers
 Popular stand-alone spyware and adware removers
include
 Ad-Aware, Spy Sweeper, Spybot – Search and Destroy,
and Windows Defender.
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 Internet Filters
 Filters are programs that remove or block certain
items from being displayed
 Web filters
 restricts access to certain material on the Web. Some restrict
access to specific Web sites
 Anti-spam programs
 a filtering program that attempts to remove spam before it
reaches your inbox
 Phishing filters
 a program that warns or blocks you from potentially fraudulent or
suspicious Web sites. Some Web browsers include phishing
filters
 Pop-up blockers
 a filtering program that stops pop-up ads from displaying on Web
pages. Many web browsers include a pop up blocker. 56
Media Player
 allows you to view images
and animation, listen to
audio, and watch video files
on your computer
 Windows includes Windows
Media Player.
 Other popular media players
are
 iTunes, Vlc Media Player,
RealPlayer, and Rhapsody

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Disk Burning Software
 Disc burning software writes text, graphics,
audio, and video files on a recordable or
rewritable optical disc, CD, DVD, Blu-Ray

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PC Maintenance Utility
 A personal computer
maintenance utility identifies and
fixes operating system problems,
detects and repairs disk
problems, and includes the
capability of improving a
computer’s performance
 some utilities continuously
monitor a computer while you
use it to identify and repair
problems before they occur.
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Summary
 Embedded Operating Systems
 Windows XP Embedded, Windows CE Embedded
CE, Windows Mobile
 Pocket PC
 Palm OS
 iPhone OS / iOS
 BlackBerry OS
 Google Andriod
 Embedded Linux
 Symbian OS

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Summary
 Managing files  Intrusion detection
 Searching for files  Screen savers
 Viewing images  Antivirus
 Uninstalling  Removing spyware
programs and adware
 Cleaning up Disks  Filtering Internet
 Defragmenting content
Disks  Playing media files
 Backing up files and  Burning optical discs
disks and
 Disk Compression  Maintaining a PC 61
 Recommended Websites
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_OS
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OS
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_(Apple)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OS
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_PC
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_software

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