CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 14
Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz
[email protected]

1
 Last Lecture Summary
 Describing Storage Devices
 Operations, Votality
 Storage Capacity and Access Time
 Magnetic Storage Devices
 Formatting, Track, Sector, Cylinder
 FAT 16, FAT 32, NTFS
 Floppy disk
 Characteristics, Parts, Capacity, Operation
 Hard disk
 Characteristics, parts, operations, formatting
2
 Hard Disk Controller
 A disk controller consists of a special-purpose
chip and electronic circuits that control the
transfer of data, instructions, and information
from a disk to and from the system bus and
other components of the computer

SATA EIDE

SCSI SAS
3
 Hard Disk Controllers
 SATA (Serial AT Attachment)
 Bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to
mass storage devices
 communicate via a high-speed serial cable
over two pairs of conductors
 SATA rev 3.0 (released in 2009_
 Raw bandwidth 6000 Mbps
 Transfer Speed 600MBps

4
 EIDE
 Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
 uses parallel signals to transfer data,
instructions, and information.
 can support up to four hard disks at 137 GB
per disk.
 data transfer rates up to 133 MBps.
 provide connections for optical disc drives and
tape drives

5
 SCSI
 Small Computer System Interface
 an intelligent, peripheral, buffered, peer to peer
interface
 use parallel signals, can support up to eight or
fifteen peripheral devices
 provide up to 640 MBps data transfer rates

6
 SAS
 Serial Attached SCSI
 uses serial signals to transfer data
 allows up to 65,535 devices through the use of
expanders
 data transfer rates of 750 MBps and higher
 Advantages
 thinner, longer cables
 reduced interference
 less expensive
 Faster speed and
 support for many more connected devices at once
7
 External and Removable
Hard Disks
 Used to back up or transfer files

 Storage capacities > 1TB

 Slower transfer rate than internal Hard disks
External hard disk—freestanding Removable hard disk—
hard disk that connects to system hard disk that you insert
unit thru USB or Firewire port and remove from hard
disk drive

8
External Hard disks
An external hard disk is a separate
free-standing hard disk that connects to
your computer with a cable or wirelessly

A removable hard disk is a hard disk

that you insert and remove from a drive

Internal and external hard disks are

available in miniature sizes (miniature
hard disks)

9
 External Hard Disks -
 Advantages
Transport a large number of files
 Back up important files or an entire internal hard disk
(several external hard disk models allow you to back up
simply by pushing a button on the disk)
 Easily store large audio and video files
 Secure your data; for example, at the end of a work
session, remove the hard disk and lock it up, leaving no
data in the computer
 Add storage space to a notebook computer, including
notebooks and Tablet PCs
 Add storage space to a desktop computer without
having to open the system unit or
 connect to a network 10
 RAID
 RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is
a group of two or more integrated hard disks
 A network attached storage (NAS) device is a
server connected to a network with the sole
purpose of providing storage

11
 Online Storage
 Services on web that
provides storage for
minimal monthly fee
 Files can be accessed
from any computer with
Web access
 Large files can be
downloaded
instantaneously
 Others can be authorized
to access your data
12
 Zip Disk
 Magnetic medium that stores
100 MB to 750 MB of data
 Used to back up and to transfer
files
 Backup is duplicate of file, program,
c

or disk in case original is lost

 Zip disks require a Zip drive —
high capacity drive that reads
from and writes on a Zip disk

13
 Tape Drives
 Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of
storing large amounts of data and information at low costs
 A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a
tape
 Best used for
 Infrequently accessed data
 Back-up solutions

14
 Data Storage on Tape
 Slow Sequential Access
 Reads and writes data consecutively, like
music tapes
 Unlike direct access – used on floppy disks,
Zip disks, Hard Disk, CDs and DVDs – which
can locate particular item immediately
 Capacity exceeds 200 GB

15
 Optical Disks
 An optical disc consists of a flat, round,
portable disc made of metal, plastic, and
lacquer that is written and read by a laser
 Typically store software, data, digital photos,
movies, and music Push the button
to
 Read only vs. rewritable slide out the tray.

Insert the
disc,
label side up.

Push the same button to

close the tray.
16
 Optical Disks
 Optical discs
commonly store
items in a single
track that spirals
from the center
of the disc to the
edge
 Track is divided
into evenly sized
sectors

17
Arrangement of Sectors

18
 How a Laser Reads Data
 w

19
Disc formats

20
 CD-ROM
 Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
 Cannot erase or modify contents
 Commonly used to distribute multimedia and
complex software

21
 CD-ROM
 Most software ships on a CD
 Read using a laser
 Lands, binary 1, reflect data
 Pits scatter data
 Written from the inside out
 CD speed is based on the original
 Original CD read 150 Kbps
 A 10 X will read 1,500 Kbps
 Standard CD holds 650 MB or 700 MB of data
 74 or 80 minutes of Audio
22
CD ROM Size and Capacity
A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to
• Read from a CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player

23
 CD Recordable (CD-R)

A CD-R is a multisession optical disc on which

users can write, but not erase

 Create a data or audio CD

 Data cannot be changed
 Can continue adding until full
 Most CD-Rs on the market have an 80 minute
capacity. There are also 90 minute/790 MB and
99 minute/870 MB discs, although they are less
common
24
 CD Rewritable (CD-RW)
A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc
• Must have a CD-RW drive

 Create a reusable CD
 Require a more sensitive laser optics
 CD-RW discs need to be blanked before reuse
 Cannot be read in all CD players
 Can reuse about 100 times

25
 Photo CD
 Developed by Kodak
 Provides for photo storage
 Photos added to CD until full
 Original pictures cannot be changed
 Discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high
quality images, scanned prints and slides using
special proprietary encoding
 Single-session CD-ROM that stores digital
versions of film
 Typically uses a 1024 x 1536 resolution
26
Picture CD

Film developers Can be

Stores digital
offer modified
versions of
Picture CD using photo
roll of film
service editing software

Step 1. Step 3.
Drop off film to At home, print images
be developed. from Picture CD on
Step 2.
Mark the Picture your ink-jet photo printer.
When you pick up
CD box on the
prints and negatives, a At a store, print images to
film-processing
Picture CD contains Picture CD at kiosk.
envelope.
digital images of each
photograph.

27
 Archive Disc
Archive disc
• Stores photos from an online photo
center
• Resolution usually is 7200 pixels per
photo
• Cost is determined by the number of
photos being stored
28
 How an Archive Disc Works
 w

29
 DVD-ROM
 Digital versatile disc-ROM or
digital video disc-ROM)?
 High Capacity disc capable of

storage 4.7 GB to 17 GB
 Must have DVD-ROM drive or

DVD Player to read DVD-ROM

 Stores databases, music,

videos, movies, complex

software

30
 How DVD-ROM Stores Data
 Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is
semi transparent so laser can read through
 Some are double sided

31
DVD working

http://www.circuitstoday.com/working-of-dvd-player 32
 DVD-ROM
A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on
which users can read but not write or erase
• Requires a DVD-ROM drive

 Create a data or audio CD

 Data cannot be changed because data can
only be read and not written nor erased.
 Can continue adding until full i.e. multisessions

33
 DVD-RW
DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are
high-capacity rewritable DVD formats

 Create a reusable DVD

 Cannot be read in all DVD players
 Can reuse about 1000 times

34
DVD-R
 Several different formats exist
 None are standardized
 Allows home users to create DVDs
 Cannot be read in all players
Capacity
Data sectors
Disk Type
(2,048 each) bytes GB

DVD-R (SL) 2,298,496 4,707,319,808 4.7

DVD+R (SL) 2,295,104 4,700,372,992 4.7

DVD-R DL 4,171,712 8,543,666,176 8.5

DVD+R DL 4,173,824 8,547,991,552 8.5

SL / DL – Single/Dual layer
35
 DVD RAM
 Allow reusing of DVD media
 Long life - can be rewritten 100,000 times
 Reliable writing of discs
 Very fast access of small files on disc
 Finalization not necessary
 Disadvantages
 Not standardized
 Higher Media Cost
 Cannot be read in all players
 Less compatibility than DVD+RW and DVD-RW
36
Blu-ray Disc
 Optical disc storage medium
 Standard physical media 12 cm
 Single layer discs 25 GB capacity
 Dual layer discs 50 GB capacity
A Blu-ray Disc-ROM
(BD-ROM) has a
storage capacity of
XL 4 L 100 GB

37
38
39
Data Transfer Rate

Base 1x Max
Generation
(Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) X
1st CD 1.17 65.62 56x
2nd DVD 10.55 210.94 20x
3rd Blu Ray 36.00 432.00 12x

40
 Drive Speed and Writing
Time Drive speed Data rate (MB/s) Data rate (Mbit/s)
Write time for single-
layer DVD-R

1X 1.32 MB/s 10.56 Mbit/s 60 minute

CLV – 2X 2.64 MB/s 21.12 Mbit/s 30 minutes (CLV)

Constant
Linear 4X 5.28 MB/s 42.24 Mbit/s 15 minutes (CLV)
Velocity
8X 10.56 MB/s 84.48 Mbit/s 8 minutes (Z-CLV)

CAV – 16X 21.12 MB/s 168.96 Mbit/s 5.75 minutes (CAV)

Constant
Angular 18X 23.76 MB/s 190.08 Mbit/s 5.5 minutes (CAV)
Velocity
20X 26.40 MB/s 211.20 Mbit/s 5 minutes (CAV)

22X 29.04 MB/s 232.32 Mbit/s 4.5 minutes (CAV)

24x 31.68 MB/s 253.44 Mbit/s ~4.0 minutes (CAV)

41
Care of Optical Discs

42
Storage Devices Comparison

43
Summary
 Hard Disk Controllers
 SATA, EIDE, SCSI and SAS
 External and Removable Hard disks
 RAID and Online Storage
 Zip Disk
 Tape Drive
 Optical Discs
 How a Laser Reads Data
 CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, PhotoCD, Archive CD
 DVD ROM, DVR+/-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM
 Drive speed and Writing time
 Care of Optical Discs 44
 Recommended Websites
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATA
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_disk
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_Drive
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc
45