CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 9
Muhammad Salman Ali
[email protected]

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Last Lecture Summary
 Number System
 Decimal

 Binary

 Octal

 Hexadecimal

 Number conversion

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 Bits and Bytes
 Binary numbers are made of bits
 Bit represents a switch
 A byte is 8 bits
 Byte represents one character

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Bit and Byte

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 Text Codes
 Converts letters, numbers, special symbols
into binary numbers
 Standard codes necessary for data transfer
 Same combinations of numbers to
represent the same individual pieces of data
 Four most popular codes
 EBCDIC
 ASCII
 Extended ASCII
 Unicode

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 EBCDIC
 Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
 8-bit code to represent 256 symbols
 Still used in IBM mainframes and mid range
computers
 Rarely used in PCs

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EDCDIC

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 ASCII
 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
 Most popular and widely used character set
 Used to represent English symbols
 7-bit code to represent 128 characters
 From 0 to 127
 33 are non-printing control characters (now mostly
obsolete)
 95 printable characters including space (invisible
graphic character)

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ASCII Codes

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ASCII Code

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Extended ASCII
 8-bit code that specifies the characters for
values from 128 to 255.
 First 40 symbols represent pronunciation and
special punctuation symbol
 128 to 167
 Remaining are for graphics and other
symbols

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Extended ASCII Code

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Letter Conversion to
Binary

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Unicode
 Unicode Worldwide Character Standard provides up to
4-bytes—32 bits
 Can represent more than 4 billion characters or
symbols
 232 = 1,073,741,832
 Enough for every unique character and symbol in the
world
 Chinese, Korean and Japanese Languages
 Codes for special mathematical and scientific symbols
 First 256 characters are same as ASCII
 Current version (Jan 2012) is 6.1
 Contains 110,181 characters from 100 different languages
and scripts
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 Binary Arithmetic
 Similar to arithmetic in decimal number system
 Operations performed
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division

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 Binary Arithmetic
 i

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 Binary Arithmetic
 i

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 Binary Arithmetic
 i

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 Boolean Algebra
 Describes the relationship between the inputs
and outputs of a digital circuit
 George Boole, an English Mathematician in
1854 proposed the basic principles of algebra
 Uses Variables and operations
 Boolean variable has only two possible values
 0 or 1 or False or True
 Basic Logical operations are
 AND, OR and NOT

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 Basic Logical Operations
 AND operation
 yields true in case when both of its operands are
true
 OR operation
 yields true in case when either or both of its
operands are true
 NOT operation
 Used to invert the value of its operand

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 Logical Operations
 Truth Table is a list of all possible input values
and the output for each input combination

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Logical Operations

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Logical Operations

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 The System Unit
 The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer used to process data

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 The System Unit
 The inside of the system unit on a desktop
personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)

Power supply

Sound card

Video card

Processor

Memory

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 The System Unit
 The motherboard is the main circuit board of
the system unit
 A computer chip contains integrated circuits (IC)

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 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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 Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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 Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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CPU
 Central Processing Unit
 Brain of the computer
 Control unit
 Controls resources in computer
 Instruction set
 Arithmetic logic unit
 Simple math operations
 Comparisons
 Logic operations
 Registers

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Function of CPU

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ALU Operations
 Registers

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Movement of Instruction and
Data

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 Machine Cycle
 Steps by CPU to process data
 Instruction cycle
 CPU fetches the instruction
 Decodes the instruction
 Execution cycle
 CPU performs the instruction
 Stores the result (sometimes required)
 Million Instructions per second (MIPS)
 Billions of cycles per second (BIPS)

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 Machine Cycle
 Instruction cycle

 Execution cycle

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Steps In a Machine Cycle

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 Machine Cycle Pipelining
 Pipelining
 Processor begins fetching a second instruction before
it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction

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Leading Processor
Manufacturer

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Memory
 Von Neumann Architecture
 Concept of stored program
 Stores open programs and data
 Small chips on the motherboard
 More memory makes a computer faster

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 Memory Address and
Size
Each Memory has an address
 Memory size is measured in KB, MB,
GB or TB

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 What Memory Stores?
 Store Instructions waiting to be executed
by the processor
 Data needed by those instructions, and
 Results of processing the data
 Stores three basic categories of items:

The operating Data being

system and Application processed and
other system programs the resulting
software information

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How Instruction Moves In and Out of
Memory

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Summary
 How Computer Stores Data
 Text Codes
 EBCDIC, ASCII, Extended ASCII and Unicode
 Binary Arithmetic
 Boolean Algebra
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Control Unit and ALU
 Machine Cycle
 Memory

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Summary
 How Computer Stores Data
 Text Codes
 EBCDIC, ASCII, Extended ASCII and Unicode
 Binary Arithmetic
 Boolean Algebra
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Control Unit and ALU
 Machine Cycle

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