CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 5
Muhammad Salman Ali

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Last Lecture Summary I
 Using Keyboard and Mouse
 Keyboard
 Keyboard Layout
 Five Groups of Keys
 Alphanumeric, Numeric Keypad, Function,
Modifier, Cursor movement
 Special Purpose keys
 Internet and multimedia controls
 How keyboard works
 Dvorak and other non-standard keyboard
layoputs
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Last Lecture Summary II
 Mouse
 Types of Mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Optical Mouse
 Interacting with the Mouse
 Five techniques
 pointing, clicking, double-clicking, dragging, and
right-clicking
 Track Ball
 Track Pad
 Track Point

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Ergonomics and Input
Devices
 Ergonomics
 which is the study of the physical relationship
between people and their tools—such as
computers— addresses these issues.
 People recognize the importance of
having ergonomically correct computer
furniture
 Ergonomically correct
 means that a tool or a workplace is designed
to work properly with the human body, and
 thus reduces the risk of strain and injuries.

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 Repetitive Strain Injury
 (RSI)
an injury of the musculoskeletal and
nervous systems that may be caused by
 repetitive tasks,
 forceful exertions,
 vibrations,
 mechanical compression (pressing against
hard surfaces),
 sustained, or
 awkward positions
 Caused by continuous misuse of the body
in ways it was not designed to work
 Many professions suffer from RSI
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 Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
 Carpal tunnel is a passage way in the
wrist through which nerves pass
 Holds nerves and tendons
 Prolonged keyboarding swells tendons
 Median nerve is compressed at wrist
 Resulting in numbness or pain or the
inability to use the hands
 victims can miss weeks or months of
work.
 In extreme cases, surgery is required.
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 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-9318834/carpal-tunnel-syndrome
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Avoiding Keyboard Related Injuries

 To avoid RSIs set the workspace in an

ergonomically friendly way
 Choose comfortable office furniture
 Office chair should:
 Allow you to adjust its height.
 Provide good lower-back support.
 Have adjustable armrests
 The desk should
 hold your keyboard and mouse at the proper
height,
 your hands are at the same height as your
elbows (or a few inches lower) when you hold
them over the keyboard. 8
Avoiding Keyboard Related Injuries

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How To Sit At a
Computer

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How To Sit At a
Computer

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Techniques to Avoid RSI
 Use an ergonomic keyboard
 Sit up straight
 Have a padded wrist support
 Keep your arms straight
 Keyboard properly
 Take frequent breaks

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Keep Your Wrists Straight

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Alternate Input Devices

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Few Basics: Input Devices
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Joystick
 Light pen
 Bar Code Reader
 Tablet
 Camera
 Microphone

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Devices for the Hand -
Pen
 Tablet PCs, PDA
 Pen used to
write data
 Pen used as
a pointer
 Handwriting
recognition is
difficult
 On screen
keyboard
 Not used for
inputting large
volume of data
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Touch Screens
 accept input by allowing
the user to place a
fingertip directly on the
computer screen
 Use sensors to detect
touch
 Well suited for simple
applications
 ATM
 Public information kiosk

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Touch Screens
 work well in environments where dirt or
weather would render keyboards and
pointing devices useless, and
 where a simple, intuitive interface is
important.
 Touch screens have become common in
 fast-food restaurants,
 department stores,
 drugstores, and supermarkets,
 where they are used for all kinds of purposes,
from creating personalized greeting cards to
selling lottery tickets.
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Game Controllers
 Enhances gaming experience
 Provide custom input to the game
 Modern controllers offer feedback
 Two broad Categories
 Joystick
 Game pad

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 Joystick
 Around for long time
 Can be used other than games
 enable the user to “ fly” or “ drive”
through a game, directing a vehicle or
character
 popular in racing and flying games
 One variant is the racing game controller,
which includes an actual steering wheel
 some racing game controllers even
include foot pedals and gearshifts
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 Game Pad
 is a small, flat device that usually provides
two sets of controls— one for each hand.
 extremely flexible and are used to control
many kinds of games
 If you do not have a joystick, you can use
a game pad to control most racing and
flying games.
 Many computer games still provide
support for a mouse or keyboard, so a
dedicated game controller is not always
required
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Optical Input Devices
 Allows the computer to see
input
 Bar code readers
 Converts bar codes to
numbers
 UPC Universal Product Code
 Computer find number in a
database
 Works by reflecting light
 Amount of reflected light
indicates number

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Bar Code Reading
Process
reader emits a beam of that is reflected by the
bar code image
 light-sensitive detector identifies the bar code
image by recognizing special bars at both
ends of the image
 special bars are different, so the reader can
tell whether the bar code has been read right-
side up or upside down
 After detector has identified the bar code, it
converts the individual bar patterns into
numeric digits code the computer can
understand
 reader then feeds the data into the computer
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 Image Scanners
 Converts printed media into electronic
 Reflects light on the image
 Sensors read the intensity
 Filters determine color depths

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 How an Image is
Scanned
 A light source is moved across a printed
page
 The light bounces off the page and is
passed through a lens
 And onto the light sensitive diodes
which converts light to electricity. There
are usually 300-600 diodes per inch.
 A circuit board converts the electricity to
numbers and send the information to
the computers
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Color Scanners
 use filters to separate the components
of color into the primary additive colors
(red, green, and blue) at each point
 Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) are
primary additive colors because they
can be combined to create any other
color
 The image scanner is useful because it
translates printed images into an
electronic format that can be stored in a
computer’s memory
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

 Converts scanned image into editable

text
 Image is stored in the computer’s
memory as a bitmap.
 Bitmap is a grid of dots, each dot
represented by one or more bits
 translate that array of dots into text that
the computer can interpret as letters
and numbers

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

 Each letter is scanned

 Letters are compared to known letters
 Best match is entered into document
 Rarely 100% accurate

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 Scanner types
 Handheld scanners
 more portable but typically
require multiple passes to
scan a single page
 Flatbed scanners
 offer higher-quality
reproduction than do
handheld scanners and
 can scan a page in a single
pass

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Audiovisual Input Devices
 Microphones
 Used to record speech
 Speech recognition
 “Understands” human speech
 Allows dictation or control of computer
 Matches spoken sound to known phonemes
 Enters best match into document

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 Speech Recognition
 demand for translating spoken words
into text
 Translating voice to text is a capability
known as speech recognition (or
voice recognition).
 With it, you can dictate to the computer
instead of typing, and you can control
the computer with simple commands
 translates Phonemes into text or
commands
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 Other type of Audio
 Input
Computers can accept many kinds of
audio input
 Sound card with the appropriate plugs
 a compact disc
 a tape player
 a radio or
 even a record player
 If the audio source outputs sounds in the
form of analog, sound card must convert
the analog signals into digital code so
the computer can store and use it.
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Musical Instrument Digital
Interface (MIDI)
 Connects musical instruments to
computer
 Digital recording or playback of music
 Musicians can produce professional
results

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Video Input
 With growth of multimedia and the
Internet, computer users are adding
video input capabilities to their systems
in great numbers
 Applications such as video
conferencing enable people to use full-
motion video images
 Videos are commonly used in
presentations and on Web pages

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Video Camera and Webcam
 video cameras used with computers
digitize images by breaking them into
individual pixels
 pixel is one or more dots that express
a portion of an image
 Each pixel’s color and other
characteristics are stored as digital
code
 With Webcam the user can “capture”
images of himself or herself while
working at the computer
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Digital Cameras
 portable, handheld devices that
capture still images
 digitizes the image
 compresses it, and
 stores it on a special memory card.
 user can then copy the information to
a PC, where the image can be edited,
copied, printed, embedded in a
document, or transmitted to another
user
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Digital Cameras
 Digital cameras have become standard
equipment for designers of all kinds.
 In Web page design,digital cameras enable
designers to shoot a subject and quickly load the
images onto their computers.
 This process saves the step of acquiring existing
photographs or developing and printing film-
based photos—which must be scanned into the
computer.
 Designers can update a Web site’s illustrations
quickly and regularly using digital cameras.
 Graphic designers can edit and enhance digital
photographs in innumerable ways, using photo-
editing software
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 Summary
 Ergonomics and input devices
 Repetitive Stress Injuries
 Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
 Avoiding Keyboard related injuries
 How to sit at a computer
 Techniques to avoid RSI

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 Summary
 Alternate Input devices
 Devices for the hand
 Pen, Touch Screens
 Game controllers
 Joystick Game pad
 Optical Input Devices
 Audio Input devices
 Video input devices

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 Recommended Websites
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome

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