Chapter 2

Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and C++

 Learn about inheritance

 Data Structures Using
Learn about derived and base classes
C++
2Ethe member functions
 Explore how to redefine
of a base class
 Examine how the constructors of base and
derived classes work
 Learn how to construct the header file of a
derived class

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 Objectives (cont’d.)
 Explore three types of inheritance:
public, protected, and private
 Learn about composition
 Become familiar with the three basic
principles of object-oriented design
 Learn about overloading
 Become aware of the restrictions on
operator overloading

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 Objectives (cont’d.)
 Examine the pointer this
 Learn about friend functions
 Explore the members and nonmembers of
a class
 Discover how to overload various
operators
 Learn about templates
 Explore how to construct function
templates and class templates

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 Example

We will examine 3 docx files

In the directory

personType_text_files

This is the base class

Then we will look at other

Docx files in the directory

partTimeEmployeeType_text_files

For the inherited class

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 Inheritance
 An “is-a” relationship
 Example: “every employee is a person”
 Allows new class creation from existing
classes
 Base class: the existing class
 Derived class: new class created from existing
classes
 Inherits base classes’ properties
 Reduces software complexity
 Becomes base class for future derived class
 Inheritance types
 Single inheritance and multiple inheritance
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 Inheritance (cont’d.)

 Viewed as treelike or hierarchical

 Base class shown with its derived classes
 Derived class general syntax
 No memberAccessSpecifier specified
 Assume private inheritance

public
FIGURE 2-1
private
Inheritance hierarchy
protected

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 Inheritance (cont’d.)
 Facts to keep in mind
 private base class members
 private to the base class
 public base class member inheritance
 public members or private members
 Derived class
 Can include additional members
 Can redefine public member base class functions
 All base class member variables
 Derived class member variables

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 Redefining (Overriding) Member
Functions of the Base Class
 Base class public member function included
in a derived class
 Same name, number, and types of parameters
as base class member function
 Function overloading
 Same name for base class functions and derived
class functions
 Different sets of parameters

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Example of Operator
Overloading

Rational Numbers

In directory:
rationalType_text_files

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 Constructors of Derived and
Base Classes
 Derived class with own private member
variables
 Explicitly includes its own constructors
 Constructors
 Initialize member variables
 Declared derived class object inherits base
class members
 Cannot directly access private base class data
 Same is true for derived class member functions
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 Constructors of Derived and
Base Classes (cont’d.)
 Derived class constructors can only directly
initialize inherited members (public data)
 Derived class object must automatically
execute base class constructor
 Triggers base class constructor execution
 Call to base class constructor specified in
heading of derived class constructor definition

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 Constructors of Derived and
Base Classes (cont’d.)
 Example: class rectangleType contains
default constructor
 Does not specify any constructor of the class
boxType
 Write the definitions of constructors with
parameters

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 Constructors of Derived and
Base Classes (cont’d.)
 Consider the following statements

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 Header File of a Derived Class
 Required to define new classes
 Base class already defined
 Header files contain base class definitions
 New class header files contain commands
 Tell computer where to look for base classes’
definitions

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 Multiple Inclusions of a Header
File
 Preprocessor command include
 Used to include header file in a program
 Preprocessor processes the program
 Before program compiled
 Avoid multiple inclusions of a file in a
program
 Use preprocessor commands in the header file

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 Multiple Inclusions of a Header
File (cont’d.)
 Preprocessor commands and meaning

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 Protected Members of a Class
 private class members
 private to the class
 Cannot be directly accessed outside the class
 Derived class cannot access private members
 Solution: make private member public
 Problem: anyone can access that member
 Solution: declare member as protected
 Derived class member allowed access
 Prevents direct access outside the class
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 Inheritance as public,
protected, or private
 Consider the following statement
 MemberAccessSpecifier: public,
protected, or private

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 protected, or private
(cont’d.)
 public MemberAccessSpecifier
 public members of A, public members of B:
directly accessed in class B
 protected members of A, protected
members of B: can be directly accessed by B
member functions and friend functions
 private members of A, hidden to B: can be
accessed by B member functions and friend
functions through public or protected
members of A

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 protected, or private
(cont’d.)
 protected MemberAccessSpecifier
 public members of A, protected members of B:
can be accessed by B member functions and
friend functions
 protected members of A, protected members
of B: can be accessed by B member functions
and friend functions
 private members of A hidden to B: can be
accessed by B member functions and friend
functions through the public or protected
members of A
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 protected, or private
(cont’d.)
 private MemberAccessSpecifier
 public members of A, private members of B:
can be accessed by B member functions and
friend functions
 protected members of A, private members
of B: can be accessed by B member functions
and friend functions
 private members of A, hidden to B: can be
accessed by B member functions and friend
functions through the public or protected
members of A
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