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CS401 - AI - Lec 1 - Intro To AI

artifical intelligence

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26 views20 pages

CS401 - AI - Lec 1 - Intro To AI

artifical intelligence

Uploaded by

rramsha12113
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CS401- INTRO TO AI

Spring2018
Prepared by Noshaba Nasir
Russel Norwig: Section 1.1, Chapter 2
Perceive
Communicate Retain
Act Knowledge

Intelligence

Use Learn

Intelligence: the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.


Sensors
Computer Vision
Knowledge Representation
NLP
How to Store, Link
Robotics Perceive information we have
Communicate Retain
Act Knowledge

Plan Artificial
eg. Scheduling Intelligence
Problem Solving
Searching for solution eg. game
playing Use Learn MACHINE LEARNING
Decision Making Knowledge Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning,
Complex of simple
Uncertain and Certain situations Semi-supervised Learning,
Reasoning Reinforced Learning
use the stored information to
answer questions and to draw new
conclusions
Some definitions of AI
• Act like human
• Think like human
• Act Rationally
• Think rationally
Act Like Human
• “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people
are better. (Rich and Knight, 1991)
• Turing Test:
A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from
a person or from a computer.
Required Capabilities to pass Turing Test:
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Knowledge Representation
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine Learning
• Computer Vision
• Robotics
• These six disciplines compose most of AI. Yet AI researchers have devoted little effort to passing the Turing Test, believing that it is more
important to study the underlying principles of intelligence than to duplicate an exemplar.
THINING LIKE HUMANS
• “[The automation of] activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning ...” (Bellman, 1978)

• Not to merely solve the problem correctly but also the steps used to
solve it. R
• Cognitive Science
THINKING RATIONALLY: The “laws of thought”
approach

• The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,


reason, and act (Winston, 1992)
• Irrefutable reasoning processes
ACTING RATIONALLY
• A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or,
when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome
• All the skills needed for the Turing Test also allow an agent to act
rationally.
• Advantages over other approaches
• More general than the “laws of thought”
• Mathematically well defined
• Note: Perfect rationality not feasible due to high computation cost
• In this course we will focus on Rational Agents

An agent is just something that acts (agent comes from the Latin agere,
to do).
A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or,
when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome
USES OF AI
• Robotic vehicles/ Autonomous Car
• Speech recognition
• Autonomous planning and scheduling
• Game playing
• Spam fighting
• Logistics planning
• Robotics
• Machine Translation
INTELLIGENT AGENT
How to describe an Agents
• What is the Environment
• What Sensors does it have
• What Actuators does it have
• What Percepts it is getting via sensors from environment
• Percept Sequence
• Agent Function (map percepts or percept sequence to action)
• Agent Program
• Performance Measure: that evaluated the effect of actions
Example of Agent
• Agent: Vacuum Cleaner
• Enviroment: Area A and B
• Sensor: Camera
• Percept: Area clean or not
• Actuator:
• Action: Move left, Move Right,
• Start cleaning
• Agent Function: on next slide
• Performance Measure?
Example of Agent
• Agent: Email Spam filter
• Environment: Inbox
• Sensor:
• Percept: Email
• Actuator:
• Action: Move email to spam or inbox
• Agent Function: Classification Model
• Performance Measure: Accuracy, Recall, Precision
Some more examples
SomeMoreExamples
Properties of Environment
• Fully observable vs. Partially observable
• Deterministic vs. stochastic
• Episodic vs. Sequential
• Static vs. Dynamic
• Discrete vs. Continuous
• Single vs. Multivalent
• hardest case is partially observable, multiagent, stochastic,
sequential, dynamic, continuous, and unknown
Four kinds of Agents
• Simple Reflex Agent
• act only on current percept.
• Model Based Reflex Agent.
• How the world works. Percept sequence.
• Goal based Agent
• Act to fulfill some goal.
• Utility agent
• Act to maximize a utility function.
• Learning Agent
• Learn from environment and feed back on actions

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