BSED FILIPINO 3A: FIL 70C - DULAANG FILIPINO

Western Ethical
Frameworks and
Principle
 Objective
At the end s:
of the session, students are expected to;

1.Use ethical frameworks or principles to analyze moral

experience
2. Make sound ethical judgements based on principles,
facts, and the stakeholders affected
 Western
Ethical
Frameworks
and Principle
• The goal of Western Ethics is generally for individuals to achieve self-
direction and self- understanding which have direct impact on ethical
decision making Our intangible decision making as to determine what
is right or wrong permeates everyday life. Ethical problems are often
complex and novel; they present themselves in unique contexts in
which conflicting principles are at stake. Ethics should concern all
levels of life acting properly as individuals creating responsible
organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole
more ethical
 Basic Areas
of Ethical Study
Normative Ethics

It is also known as Prescriptive Ethics.

• Normative ethics is the branch of ethics that deals with moral rules and principles.

The word 'normative' signifies 'norms' or 'rules' to be followed. The definition of normative
ethics can be stated as laying certain rules about good and bad and following them
diligently.

It is the study of our ethical actions, asking ourselves "how we should act in a certain
situation

It involves arriving at moral decisions that regulate right and wrong conduct based on the
norms that you need to follow.
 • is the study of moral thought and moral
language. Meta-ethics asks what morality
actually is.
• Meta-ethics addresses the second-order

META ETHICS
question, such as the meaning and status of
moral judgments.
• Meta-Ethics is also known as Analytical Ethics
that concerned with elucidating the meaning
of ethical terms or the discipline concerned
with the comparison of ethical theories.
 APPLIED ETHICS
Refers to any use of philosophical
Applied ethics, also called practical ethics,
methods critically to examine practical
is the application of ethics to real-world moral decisions and to treat moral
problems. Applied ethics attempts to problems, practices, and policies in the

answer the question of how people should professions, technology, government, and
the like As a problem-solving branch of
act in specific situations.
ethics, it strives to find out the application
of moral knowledge into practice.

*
VIRTUE ETHICS
 • Virtue ethics by Aristotle fall under the Virtue -
based theory. Since virtues are moral
characteristics needed by an individual to live
well (De Guzman et.al,. 2017), then Virtue

VIRTUE
Ethics serves as a guiding principle with
regards to what is morally right or wrong

ETHICS having virtues as its basis.

• Virtue ethics claims that a good man is
someone who lives virtuously , Aristotle said
that everyone is in pursuit of goodness.Hence,
everyone should live virtuously in order to
attain it.
 3 Kinds of Ethical Theories

0 Deontological
theory
-Puts its emphasis on the moral obligation
and duty of a person
 3 Kinds of Ethical Theories

Consequentialist

0 theory
-Relates to the consequences of actions
done by a moral agent
 3 Kinds of Ethical Theories

0
Virtue based
theory
-Centers ethics on individual character
Thomas provided different kinds of
law and as a rational being, we
have free will through our capacity
of reason are able to direct us in
one way or another unknowingly
that these actions are directed
towards attaining out end.
 ETERNAL LAW
NATURAL LAW -is the law or order to which people are
-refers to the rational plan of god by
subject by their nature ordering them to
which all creation is ordered (De
do good or evil (De Guzman,2017)
Guzman,2017).As god is the supreme
Mankind has always been a part of the
ruler of everything there is an already eternal order of the divine being which
divine plan for each and every one. was also dictated by that of practical
reason.
 HUMAN LAW DIVINE
LAW
is the application of natural law to -is more focused on how the man can be

particular societies by way of inwardly holy and eventually attain

"conclusions" and determinations (De salvation (De Guzman,2017) .This is

essential because this compliments to the
Guzman,2017). This is also called as the
other types of law.
positive laws wherein moral virtues are
reinforced and cultivated.
 Through teachings,we are implicity
making the connection between morality
and happiness in attempts to restore an
"Ethics of God" and "Morality of
Happiness".

*Ethic of God- state of doing good to other

person.
*Morality of Happiness - are the things
that makes one feels good and enjoying
life.
 We cannot achieve the final happiness
as moral according to Aquinas since he
sorted it to 2:" The incomplete
Happiness" and " Complete Happiness".

*Incomplete Happiness -it is the state

that we achieve by our natural human
aptitude,or the natural things we do
good to people.

*Perfect or Complete Happiness - it lies

 PRUDENCE

0
First cardinal virtue because it is
concerned with the intellect. Prudence
guides the judgement of our conscience
in discerning our true good and in
applying moral principles to particular
circumstances.
 JUSTICE

0
It is concerned with the will. Justice is the
virtue that consists in giving to god and
neighbor what due to each, "Giving to
them what is rightly belong to them", to
established the peace and harmony that
bring together people and allow them to
proper while living in community.
 FORTITUDE

0
Prudence and justice are the virtue
through which we decide what need to be
done. Fortitude give us strength to do it.
 TEMPERATURE

0
While fortitude is concerned with the
restraint of fear so what that we can act,
restraint of our desire or passions,
"Moderation in all things,".
Kant and Rights
Theory
 IMMANUEL KANT
•Greatly influenced by David Hume.
•Known for his “categorical imperative” and inspiration for German Idealism.
• Studied theology at University of Konigsberg.

He is a German Lutheran theologian and philosopher famous at the

most influential in the Age of Enlightenment and Western philosophy.
He three books: Critique of Reason, Critique of Practical Reason,
Critique of the Power of Judgment. He is renowned student, writer and
professor in mathematics, physics, and metaphysics
Kantianism or Kantian Ethics is a Deontological Theory that emphasizes
morality based on duty, reason, moral principle, moral obligation, and
motive or intention.

Deontology one of the distinctive features of Kant’s ethics is that

focuses on duties, defined by right and wrong.

➤Comes from the Greek word “deon” w/c means “duty or obligation.”
 DUTY

0 PRINCIPLE
““Humans are motivated by the duty to
act morally or rationally instead of
emotionally or without reason.”
Kant argues that duty or moral obligation is the very nature of
the pure human reason. This means that as rational agents,
people can grasp the moral principles and act out of his
principles without the aid of experience and consideration of
consequences.
 GOOD WILL PRINCIP

0 “Nothing can possibly be conceived in the

world, or even out of it, which can be
called good without qualification, except
a good will.”
Kant holds that fundamentally, there is only one thing that is
good in and of itself the Good Will. It is the overarching
principle of all morality. Good will is the very nature of the
person’s free will.
 CATEGORICAL

0
IMPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
“Act only according to that maxim
whereby you can, at the same time, will
that it should become a universal law.”
Kant distinguishes two types of Imperatives:

1.Hypothetical Imperative contingent command, it is a

conditional on a person’s wants, needs, or desires and
normally comes in the following Porn: “If you want need A then
ought to do B.”

Example: The advice, “If you want to do well on a test, then

you should study a lot.’ The command that you should study is
contingent on your desire to do well on the test.
2.Categorical Imperative It is not contingent on wants, desires,
or needs.
✓A categorical imperative, instead of taking an “if-then” form,
it is an absolute command such as, “Do,” “You ought to do.”

Examples: “You shouldn’t kill.”; “You ought to help those in

need.”; “Don’t steal.”
 PERSON AS AN END
PRINCIPLE

0 “Act so that you treat people never as a

mere means to an end, but always as end
in themselves.”

4
This “person as ends in themselves” principle is a second test
that could be considered as the same with the golden rule:
“Treat others as you would like them to treat you” or “Do to
others what you want others do unto you.”
 END LAWMAKER
PRINCIPLE

0 “Act as if you were, through your maxims,

a lawmaker of kingdom of ends.”

5
Kant thinks that persons as ends are autonomous.
Autonomous persons are able to exercise free and good will by
legislating the moral law for everyone. Every rational being is
able to regard himself as a maker of universal law not because
of an external moral authority but under the authority of his
own reason alone. Being autonomous demands respect for
“ends” or persons have basic moral rights.
 TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF
RIGHTS
Rights that arise from being part of a social
community which recognizes the inherent
worth of a human being to one another. It is

Moral Rights brought out from the basic respect and value
one gives to another person.

Example: A person has the moral rights to

expect others to give her credit for her works.
 TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF
RIGHTS
A right created under the law. It can be based in the
constitution or a statute. It is usually the
crystallization of the tradition, values and what is

Legal Rights generally regarded as ethical and moral within a

specific political area and recognized by a duly
authorized authority (which in most cases would be
the state and its citizens). They might be loosely
termed also as codified moral rights.
 TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF
RIGHTS
Example: A qualified voter has the right

Legal Rights to vote provided he/she does not have

any of the disqualifications.
UTILITARIANISM
What Is Utilitarianism?

Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that

advocates actions that foster happiness or
pleasure and oppose actions that cause
unhappiness or harm. When directed toward
making social, economic, or political decisions, a
utilitarian philosophy would aim for the
betterment of society as a whole.
•Utilitarianism promotes “the greatest amount of
good for the greatest number of people.”

•When used in a sociopolitical construct,

utilitarian ethics aims for the betterment of
society as a whole.

•Utilitarianism is a reason-based approach to

determining right and wrong, but it has
limitations.
 Understanding
Utilitarianism
•Utilitarianism is a tradition of ethical philosophy
that is associated with Jeremy Bentham (1747-
1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), two
British philosophers, economists, and political
thinkers. Utilitarianism holds that an action is
right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong
if it tends to produce sadness, or the reverse of
happiness—not just the happiness of the actor
but that of everyone affected by it.
 Two varieties of
Utilitarianism:
Act
Utilitarianism
-This version is about the consequences of specific
acts.
•An example of act utilitarianism could be when pharmaceutical
companies release drugs that have been governmentally
approved, but with known minor side effects because the drug is
able to help more people than are bothered by the side effects.
Act utilitarianism often demonstrates the concept that “the end
justifies the means”—or it’s worth it.
 Rule
Utilitarianism
This version is about the consequences of general
rules
•An example of rule utilitarianism in business is tiered pricing for
a product or service for different types of customers. In the airline
industry, for example, many planes offer first-, business-, and
economy-class seats. Customers who fly in first or business class
pay a much higher rate than those in economy seats, but they
also get more amenities—simultaneously, people who cannot
afford upper-class seats benefit from the economy rates. This
practice produces the highest good for the greatest number of
people.
 JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
ETHICS
Justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in
more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. Justice
and fairness are closely related terms that are often today used
interchangeably. While justice usually has been used with
reference to a standard of rightness, fairness often has been
used with regard to an ability to judge without reference to one's
feelings or interests; fairness has also been used to refer to the
ability to make judgments that are not overly general but that
are concrete and specific to a particular case.
 • Justice, for many people, refers to fairness.
But while justice is important to almost
everyone, it means different things to
different groups.

JUSTICE • Justice is the ethical, philosophical idea that

people are to be treated impartially, fairly,
properly, and reasonably by the law and by
arbiters of the law, that laws are to ensure
that no harm befalls another, and that, where
harm is alleged, a remedial action is taken -
both the accuser and the accused receive a
morally right consequence merited by their
actions
 • The most fundamental
principle of justice-one that has

JUSTICE
been widely accepted since it
was first defined by Aristotle
more than two thousand years
ago-is the principle that "equals
should be treated equally and
unequals unequally."
 TYPES OF JUSTICE

is the notion that everyone deserves

SOCIAL equal economic,

opportunities
political,
irrespective
and
of
social
race,
JUSTICE gender, or religion.
 TYPES OF JUSTICE

DISTRIBUTIV refers to the equitable

E JUSTICE allocation of assets in society.

 TYPES OF JUSTICE

ENVIRONMENTA is the fair treatment of all

L JUSTICE people with regard to

environmental burdens and
benefits.
 TYPES OF JUSTICE

RESTORATIVE seeks to make whole those

JUSTICE who have suffered unfairly.

 TYPES OF JUSTICE

RETRIBUTIVE seeks to punish wrongdoers

JUSTICE objectively and

proportionately.
 TYPES OF JUSTICE

PROCEDURAL refers to implementing legal

JUSTICE decisions in accordance with

fair and unbiased processe
FAIRNESS • Fairness is the product of moral judgment -
the process by which people determine what
is morally right and what is morally wrong.
 PRINCIPLES OF FAIRNESS
• Treat all people equitably based on their merits and abilities and handle all
essentially similar situations similarly and with consistency.
• Make all decisions on appropriate criteria, without undue favoritism or
improper prejudice.
• Never blame or punish people for what they did not do, and appropriately
sanction those who violate moral obligations or laws.
• Promptly and voluntarily correct personal and institutional mistakes and
improprieties.
• Not take unfair advantage of people's mistakes or ignorance.
 For individuals, cultivating the character

WHY DOES strength of fairness is correlated with highly

desirable developmental outcomes. It helps

FAIRNESS people to become trustworthy friends,

responsible citizens, and generally moral
MATTER? people. Fairness is also essential for the good
of the group.