Chapter II Intellectual

Revolutions that defined Society

MR. JUNEREY F. BACTAD
Learning Outcomes

1. Identify intellectual revolutions that defined

society

2. Identify the paradigm shifts in

history

3. Articulate ways by which society is

transformed by science and technology
Intellectual Revolutions

Copernica
n

Darwinian

Freudian

Informatio
Meso-
American

Asian

Middle

East
 INTELLECTUAL SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS REVOLUTION

• The historical changes • When science and

in the thoughts, technology are the
beliefs and social center of an intellectual
institutions due to revolution
new ideas and
principles • “scientific revolution”
may also refer to the
historical period when
science became more
important and influential
during the Middle
Ages.
Copernica
n
Revolution
• Copernicus spent most of his time studying mathematics and
astronomy. While attending the University of Bologna,
Copernicus lived and worked with astronomy professor
Domenico Maria de Novara, doing research and helping him
make observations of the heavens.

• Due to his uncle's influence, Copernicus did become a canon in

Warmia, in northern Poland, although he never took orders as a
priest. He conducted his astronomical research in between his
duties as canon. Born on Feb. 19, 1473,
• Copernicus died on May 24, 1543, of a stroke. He was 70.
in Toruń, Poland,
Mikolaj Kopernik
(Nicolas Copernicus is
the Latinized form of
his name) traveled to
Italy to attend college
 Ptolemy
Copernicus was a Polish Ptolemy placed the Earth at
astronomer and mathematician. the centre of his geocentric
model. Using the data he
His heliocentric model of the had, Ptolemy thought that the
universe was a set of nested
universe proposed that the sun is spheres surrounding the
the center of the universe. It Earth. He believed that the
Moon was orbiting on a
opposed the geocentric model, sphere closest to the Earth,
followed by Mercury, then
which said that the Earth is the Venus and then the Sun.
center of the universe as
proposed by Ptolemy and
Aristotle and supported by the
Church
The heliocentric model
states that the Sun is the
center of the universe, and
the Earth is just one of the
planets revolving around it

Copernicus questioned the

ideas of Ptolemy and
Aristotle. His model is that
the Earth is equal to the
other planets, and they all
revolve around the Sun.
Significance of Copernicus Theory
First, before and during the time The society was dependent
of Copernicus, astrology is more on horoscopes and
important than astronomy. We astrological outputs. When
know today that astrology is not Copernicus’ heliocentric
a real science. theory gained acceptance,
society started to change
In astrology, the Earth was
considered a powerful, People at that time began to
extraordinary celestial body question astrology and
that is the center of the started to embrace more the
universe. This was supported by science of astronomy
the geocentric model of
Ptolemy and Aristotle
 Significance of Copernicus Theory
• The second significance of
Copernicus’ work is that it laid
the foundation for succeeding
scientists to do revolutionary
things. His successors were
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler Tycho
and Galileo Galilei. These Brahe
scientist made it possible to
understand and explain many
Johannes
phenomena in the universe in a Kepler
mathematical way.
They change the society’s view of
Astronomy. Galileo’s telescope is
popular even to non- astronomers. Galileo
Galilei
Darwinian
Revolutio
n
 English naturalist whose scientific theory
of evolution by natural selection
became the foundation of modern
evolutionary studies. An affable country
gentleman, Darwin at first shocked
religious Victorian society by suggesting that
animals and humans shared a common
ancestry. However, his nonreligious
biology appealed to the rising class of
professional scientists, and by the time
of his death
. evolutionary imagery had spread through all
of Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882,
science, literature, and politics. Darwin,
himself an agnostic, was accorded the
• Darwin formulated his bold
theory in private in 1837–
39, after returning from a
voyage around the world
aboard HMS Beagle, but it
was not until two decades
later that he finally gave it
full public expression in On
the Origin of Species
(1859) and Decent of Man
(1871) deeply influenced
modern Western society
and thought
• In The Origin of Species (1859), Charles
Darwin affirmed that all forms of life share a
common ancestry. Fossils began to be reliably
associated with particular geologic strata, and
fossils of recent human ancestors were
discovered, most famously the
first Neanderthal specimen, unearthed in
1856

In 1871 Darwin published The Descent of

Man, which argued that human beings shared
a recent common ancestor with the great
African apes. He identified the defining
characteristic of the human species as their
relatively large brain size and deduced that
the evolutionary advantage of the human
species was intelligence, which yielded
Evolution
Darwin proposed that species can change over time, that new species come from
pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor. In this model,
each species has its own unique set of heritable (genetic) differences from the
common ancestor, which have accumulated gradually over very long time periods.
Repeated branching events, in which new species split off from a common ancestor,
produce a multi-level "tree" that links all living organisms.
Darwin referred to this process, in which groups of organisms change in their
heritable traits over generations, as “descent with modification." Today, we call
it evolution
 Theory of Natural
• Selection
To this day the theory of evolution by
natural selection is accepted by the
scientific community as the best evidence-
based explanation for the diversity and
complexity of life on Earth.

• The theory proposes that the ‘fittest’

individual organisms - those with the
characteristics best suited to their
environment - are more likely to survive
and reproduce. They pass on these
desirable characteristics to their offspring.

• Gradually these features may become more

common in a population, so species change
over time. If the changes are great enough,
they could produce a new species
altogether.
 The four key points of Darwin's Theory of
Evolution are:
• individuals of a species are not
identical;
• traits are passed from
generation to generation;
• more offspring are born than can
survive;
• and only the survivors of the
competition for
resources will reproduce.
The variations of individuals give some
members of the species advantages in
the competition to survive and reproduce.
Those advantageous traits will be passed
to the next generation.
 Darwin's sketch illustrates his idea,
showing how one species can branch
into two over time, and how this process
can repeat multiple times in the "family
tree" of a group of related species.
 Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist born in 1856, is often

referred to as the "father of modern psychology."
Intellectual Revolution in Information
Information age is the
modern time in which
information has become a
commodity that is
transmitted freely, easily
and quickly by using
personal computer networks.
This period is also called the
Computer Age, the Digital
Age and the New Media Age
 MESO-AMERICAN
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION

The Mesoamerican or the

Mexican American
civilization, has a very
sophisticated culture and
practices in science
 OLMEC CIVILIZATION
The Olmec created massive
monuments, including colossal stone
heads, thrones, stela (upright slabs),
and statues. They may have been
the originators of the Mesoamerican
ball game, a ceremonial team sport
played throughout the region for
centuries. They also built earthen
The Olmec colossal heads are the most mounds and pyramids,
several types andcommon
that became ceramics
famous artifacts left behind by the Olmec of
throughout a broad region
civilization. The Olmec people are
believed to have occupied a large part of
influenced by the Olmec civilization.
modern-day Southern Mexico.
 MAYAN CIVILIZATION
The ancient Maya, a diverse group of
indigenous people who lived in parts
of present-day Mexico, Belize,
Guatemala, El Salvador and
Honduras, had one of the most
sophisticated and complex
civilizations in the Western
• In Meso-America the Maya civilization Hemisphere.
Maya were responsible for a number
made the greatest progress in science
and technology. Among its innovations Between
of aboutscientific
remarkable 300 and 900 A.D., the
were the position-value number
system with zero, the development of achievements–in astronomy,
the most accurate known calendar, agriculture, engineering and
the invention of rubber and the
corbelled arch. communications.
• Mayan hieroglyphic writing, system of
used by the Maya people of Mesoamerica
writing
until
about the end of the 17th century
• The Mayan system of writing contains more
than
800 characters, including some that are
hieroglyphic and other phonetic signs
representing syllables. The hieroglyphic
signs are
pictorial—i.e., they are recognizable
pictures of
real objects—representing animals,
people, and objects of daily life.
• The Mayan system of writing contains
more than
800 characters, including some that are
hieroglyphic and other phonetic signs
representing syllables. The hieroglyphic
signs are
pictorial—i.e., they are recognizable
pictures of
real objects—representing animals,
people, and
objects of daily life.
• Books in Mayan hieroglyphs, called
codices, existed before the Spanish
conquest of Yucatán about 1540, but
most works written in the script were
destroyed as pagan by Spanish
priests. Only four Mayan codices are
known to survive: the Dresden
Codex, or Codex Dresdensis, probably
dating from the 11th or 12th century,
a copy of earlier texts of the 5th to 9th
centuries AD; the Madrid Codex, or
Codex Tro-Cortesianus, dating from the
15th century; the Paris Codex, or
Codex Peresianus, probably
slightly older than the Madrid
Codex; and the Grolier Codex,
discovered in 1971 and dated to the
13th century. The codices were made
of fig-bark paper folded like an
• The Maya incorporated their advanced
understanding of astronomy into their temples
and other religious structures. The pyramid at
Chichén Itzá in Mexico, for example, is situated
according to the sun’s location during the
spring and fall equinoxes. At sunset on these
two days, the pyramid casts a shadow on
itself that aligns with a carving of the head of the
Mayan serpent god. The shadow forms the
serpent’s body; as the sun sets, the serpent
appears to slither down into the Earth.
Mayan
Mathematics
The pre-classic Maya and their neighbours had independently developed the
concept of zero (Mayan zero) by at least as early as 36 BCE, and we have evidence
of their working with sums up to the hundreds of millions, and with dates so large it
took several lines just to represent them.

The Mayan and other Mesoamerican cultures used a vigesimal number system
based on base 20, (and, to some extent, base 5), probably originally developed from
counting on fingers and toes. The numerals consisted of only three symbols: zero,
represented as a shell shape; one, a dot; and five, a bar. Thus, addition and
subtraction was a relatively simple matter of adding up dots and bars. After the
number 19, larger numbers were written in a kind of vertical place value format
using powers of 20: 1, 20, 400, 8000, 160000, etc (see image above), although in
their calendar calculations they gave the third position a value of 360 instead of 400
(higher positions revert to multiples of 20).
 • The Mayan Calendar consists of three separate
corresponding calendars: the Long Count, the Tzolkin
Mayan (divine calendar), and the Haab (civil calendar). Each of
them is cyclical, meaning that a certain number of days
Calendar must occur before a new cycle can begin.
• The Haab is a 365-day solar calendar which is divided
into 18 months of 20 days each and one month which is
only 5 days long (Uayeb).
• The Tzolkin, meaning “the distribution of the days,” is also
called the Divine Calendar and the Sacred Round. It is a
260- day calendar with 20 periods of 13 days, and it is used
to determine the time of religious and ceremonial events.
• The Long Count is an astronomical calendar which is used to
track longer periods of time. The Maya called it the “universal
cycle.” Each such cycle is calculated to be 2,880,000 days
long (about 7885 solar years). The Mayans believed that the
universe is destroyed and then recreated at the start of each
universal cycle.
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
• One of the Aztecs’ most
remarkable technological
achievements was the
building of their island city,
• Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs enlarged the
area of the city by creating artificial
islands called chinampas. To make a
chinampa, they first formed a bed of chinampa, also called floating garden,
soil by piling boulders and mud on a small, stationary, artificial island built on
mat made of reeds. a freshwater lake for agricultural
• They tied the mat to wooden posts purposes
and drove the posts into the lake.
Trees and willows planted aroundthe
posts anchored the soil beds. Today,
flower farmers in Xochimilco (so-chee-
mil-co) near Mexico City, still use
chinampas.
AZTEC ARCHITECTURE

The Aztecs used limestone rocks and

adobe bricks in their construction.
Houses all had inner courtyards, they
were painted white, and had flat
thatched roofs. Only the nobility were
allowed to have two stories.

Aztec homes were primarily built from wood logs

that were interlinked. They may have also used
mud bricks (adobe). The floor of the homes was
usually just dirt or may have been made of stone.
The roof was usually
made from small sticks woven together or a type
pf thatch (straw, leaves, grass, etc).
AZTEC SYSTEM OF WRITING
INCAN CIVILIZATION
• The Incas were magnificent
engineers. They built a system of
roads and bridges across the
roughest terrains of the Andes.
Through their system of collective
labor and the most advanced
centralized economy, the Incas
were able to secure unlimited
manual labor.

In architecture, the Incas are known for their

huge, durable stone buildings. The massive
stones of Inca structures fit together so tightly
that a knife blade could not be slipped between
them. The Inca buildings were sturdy, too – many
remain standing today.
Inca bridges
• The Inca built a variety of bridges
including suspension bridges and
pontoon bridges. One of the main
forms of medicine used by the Inca
was the coca leaf. The Inca
developed aqueducts to bring fresh
water into town. The basic unit of
distance used by the Inca was one
pace or a "thatki".
QUIPIS
• The Incas did not have a
written language. Instead they
used an ingenious substitute:
the knotted sets of strings
called quipis. The Incas used
quipus as memory aids in
sending messages and
recording information.
INCAN calendar
INCA Medicine The medicine practiced by the Incas was related to
religion and rituals. They believed that illnesses were
brought by bad spirits or were related to witchcraft.
Medicine men were shamans who used plant extracts,
fresh or dried plants, life or dead animals and minerals
accompanied by chants, prayers and dance. Shamans
were thought to have special curative powers. Their
most important discovery and one that is widely used
in current Andean society is the use of plant extracts
such as digitalis purpurea, maticaliz camomilla and
plantago paralias, among others.

The Incas also performed cranial surgery called

trepanation in order to cure mental illnesses or
injuries. They drilled a hole in the patient’s skull, let
them bleed and then performed a ritual in order to let
the bad spirits out.
INCA Irrigation
Inca irrigation, the
Incas used
ingenious methods
to transport water.
 ASIAN
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION

Asia is the largest of the five continents on Planet Earth in

area and population. The term Asia refers conventionally to
the eastern portion of the Eurasian landmass plus the
island country of Japan and the island nations of Maritime
Southeast Asia.
CHINESE CONTRIBUTION
Gunpowder was invented by Chinese
Taoist alchemists about 1000 A.D. when
they tried to find a potion to gain human
immortality by mixing elemental sulfur,
charcoal, and saltpeter. It is generally
believed that gunpowder spread to Europe
during the Mongol expansion of 1200-
1300 A.D.. The interesting fact is that
Chinese used this discovery mainly for
firecrackers while Europeans created
cannons and guns and dominated China
in the mid-1800s.
Movable Type Printing
ACUPUNCTURE
• Acupuncture is one of the
oldest and most commonly
used complementary and
alternative medical treatments
in the world.

Acupuncture involves the insertion of very thin needles

through your skin at strategic points on your body. A key
component of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture is
most commonly used to treat pain. Increasingly, it is being
used for overall wellness, including stress management.
HERBAL MEDICINE
• The most commonly used substances
come from the leaves, roots, stems,
flowers, and seeds of plants, such as
cinnamon bark, ginger, ginseng, licorice,
and rhubarb. Ginseng is the most broadly
used substance for the broadest set of
treatments. Some Chinese medicinal
products, such as tiger bones, rhino
horns, deer antlers, snake bile,²⁰ human
feces, bone, and menstrual blood, and
mineral products (arsenic, asbestos, lead,
and mercury)
PAPER MAKING
Compass
SILK
INDIAN CONTRIBUTION
• India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified
by huge mountains in its northern borders. The Indians creatively
developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives
• Contributions
1. They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their
iron steel
is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman
Empire.
2.India is famous in medicine. Ayurveda , a system of traditional
medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as
a form of alternative medicine.
3.Ancient India is also notable in thefield of
astronomy.They developed theories and the configuration of the universe,
the spherical self -supporting Earth and the year of 360 days with 12equal
parts of 30 days each
4. Ancient India is also known for their mathematics.
The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge inthe
Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley
Civilization. The people of this civilization, tried to
standardized measurement of
length to a high degree of
accuracy and designeda ruler, the Mohenjo-Daro The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units
ruler.
corresponding to 34 millimetres (1.32 in) and
these are further marked in decimal subdivisions
with great accuracy, to within 0.13 mm (0.005 in)
5. Indian astronomer and mathematician
Aryabhata, in his Aryabhatiya introduced
a number of trigonometric functions, tables
and techniques as well as algorithms of
algebra
 MIDDLE EAST
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
One of the most ancient and greatest civilization happened in Middle
East. During the dark ages of Europe, incredible scientific advances
happened in the Muslim world. Through the geniuses who took scholarly
works of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia in developing
“modern science”, a lot of new disciplines merged such as algebra,
trigonometry, and chemistry, as well as major advances
in medicine, astronomy, engineeringand agriculture.
 The Middle East is known for their machine
designed and improvement for irrigation,
industrial work and war. • The windmill and
watermill are used for crushing sugarcanes,
grinding grain, and pumping water

• The Arab applied the Romans

principles and improve the watermill
known as noria.
• The term noria is commonly used for
devices which use the power of moving
water to turn the wheel
• 1. Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his
empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
• 2. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to concept the
algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr¸ the beginning
of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as the Arabic
Numeral System originally came from India but Muslim
mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system,
such as the introduction of
decimal point notation.
• 3. Jabir ibn Hayyan – considered to be the Father of Chemistry.
• 4. Ibn Sina – pioneered the science of experimental medicine and
was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His most notable
works in medicine, the Book of Healing and the Canon of Medicine,
were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and
in Europe during the 17th century. Among his many contributions are
the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious disease and the
introduction of clinical pharmacology
• The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water
clocks,
water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices. •

Elephant candle water peacock

clock clock pump fountain
• The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explain
steam
power and a blueprint of a six piston pump

Six-Cylinder Water Pump of Taqi al-

Din

observatory of Taqi ad-

Din
 AFRICAN
INTELECTUAL
REVOLUTION
• African civilization is considered the oldest
civilization on the earth. The African
intellectual revolution is known as the first
societal intellectual revolution. African
development has vastly contributed to the
early knowledge used by humankind
The Geniuses
• Imhotep (Father of Medicine)
• Hipparchus (Formulated trigonometry)
• Eratosthenes (Father of Geography)
• Herophilus (Father of Scientific
Anatomy)
• Jaber Ibn Hayyan (Father of Chemistry)
• Avicenna (Father of modern medicine)
CHEMISTRY
• The early use of chemistry dates back to the ancient civilization of
Egypt. The Egyptians figured out the use of fire in extracting copper from
their ores. Through chemistry, Africans also found a way to create
synthetic pigment using crushed mineral salt as their material
METALLURGY
• The earliest ironworking site so far
was discovered in Carthage, North
Africa.Archeological expeditions
found iron production that dates
around the middle of the 8th-
century BCE. The ever-growing
production and trade of forged
metal started the iron age inthe
ancient world
ENGINEERING
• African developed a unique
architectural development. The
stone architecture inZimbabwe is
the largest stone structure south of
the Sahara and was constructed
somewherein the 11th century. One
of the feats of these structures is
they are not constructed with
theuse of mortar which is popular
at that time. They also develop the
use of Cubit measurement
ASTRONOMY
• Dogon people of Mali understand
the details of the star system of
Sirius. They figured out that Sirius is
a binary star system composed of
two-star, Sirius A and Sirius B. The
Dogon people are also aware of the
orbit system of the two stars, and
they based their rituals on it
KEY FIGURES IN AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
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