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t2 - Types of Texts

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Rini Azrina Zabri
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12 views23 pages

t2 - Types of Texts

Uploaded by

Rini Azrina Zabri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANALYSING FEATURES OF DIFFERENT

TEXT
Problems, Process & Solutions
Cause & Effect

By MRN, EMI, RIN


Learning Outcomes

At the end of the topic, students should be able to:


1. Identify the features for different texts:
- Problem process solution
- Cause and effect
- Compare and contrast
TEXTS
● A text is a piece of writing that you read or create.
● The type or the characteristics of a text are very important
for any work of summarisation on it.
● It is easier to select the main ideas from certain types of
texts, as the narrative ones (texts “telling a story”) then
from others, such as expository texts (texts “speaking
about”).
● The type of a texts depend on their purpose, structure (how
the information is organised) and language features.

● Among the common types of text structures are:


- Problem process solution
- Cause and Effect
- Compare and Contract
Problem Process Solution Text
● The purpose of Problem Process Solution Text is to discuss
one or more problems and provide one or more solutions to
the problem.

● Example: Thousands of people die each year in car


accidents involving drugs or alcohol. Lives could be saved if
our town adopts a free public taxi service. By providing such
a service, we could prevent intoxicated drivers from
endangering themselves or others
● Problem and Solution is a pattern of organization where
information in a passage is expressed as a dilemma or
concerning issue (a problem) and something that was, can
be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution or
attempted solution).
.
Problems, Process & Solutions:
Overview
• underlying structure in scientific writing is that of
the problem-to-solution movement
• much academic research activity is aimed at solving
problems- this structure is one of the more important ones in
academic writing
• Problem-solution texts tend to be more argumentative and
evaluative that other text types
Problem- solution text

• procedure and process often components in


problem-solution structure
• procedure: steps required to solve a problem
• process: description of sequence of events,
e.g. how a problem emerges
The structure of problem- solution
texts
Situation background information on a particular set of
circumstances
Problem reasons for challenging the accuracy of the figures,
criticisms or weaknesses surrounding the current
situation; possible counterevidence

Solution discussion of a way or ways to alleviate the problem

Evaluation assessment of the merits of the proposed solutions(s)


Structure

• Block structure, all of the problems are listed first,


and all of the solutions are listed afterwards.
• For the chain structure, each problem is followed
immediately by the solution to that problem.
• Both types of structure have their merits.
• The former is generally clearer, especially for shorter
essays, while the latter ensures that any solutions
you present relate directly to the problems you have
given.
• The two types of structure, block and chain, are shown in the
diagram below. This is for a short essay, which includes the
'situation' in the introduction and 'evaluation' in the
conclusion.
• A longer essay, for example one of around 1,000 words, with
citations, would probably have these two sections as separate
paragraphs in the main body.
Language Use
● Signal words are used which may indicate that information
in a passage is ordered in the problem and solution pattern
of organization:
● propose, solution, answer, issue, problem, question,
problematic, remedy, prevention, fix, solve
● so that, because, as a result of, in order to
Cause and effect text
• Common way to organize information in a text.
• Paragraphs structured as cause and effect explain
reasons why something happened or the effects of
something.
• These paragraphs can be ordered as causes and
effects or as effects and then causes.
• generally used in expository and persuasive writing
modes.
• When an author gives reasons why something
happened, he or she is explaining what caused an
effect (reasons are causes and the thing that
happens is the effect).

• When a writer explains the results of an action, he or


she is explaining the effects of a cause (results
are effects and the thing that occurs is the cause).
cause and effect essay structure
• Introduction: Describe the event or situation your essay will
explore. Include your thesis statement, which may focus on
what you think is the main cause or effect of the event or
situation.
• Body Paragraphs (Causes): Start with what you feel is the
main cause of the event, providing evidence to back up your
argument. Then, follow with describing secondary causes.
• Body Paragraphs (Effects): Just as with the causes, here
you’ll start with the biggest or most important effect of the
situation. Again, provide evidence to back up your argument.
Subsequent paragraphs can then discuss other effects worth
noting.
• Conclusion: Reiterate your thesis statement and summarize
the main points of your essay, showing how they support your
thesis.
signal words that may indicate that
information in a paragraph is organized as
cause and effect:
• because, as a result, resulted, caused,
affected, since, due to, effect.

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