Information and

Communication
Technologies (ICT)

Networks and Telecommunications

Ideas/Slides from Lee Giles, Networking and Telecommunications

 Lecture 7
• Last week: Data Analysis. Data Management:
• Basics of data analysis. Methods of collection, classification and
forecasting. Trees of solutions. Processing large amounts of data
• Methods and stages of Data Mining. Data Mining tasks.
Visualization of data
• Overview of Today’s Lecture
• Network topologies
• IP-addressing
• Stack protocols: TCP/IP, OSI
• LANs and WANs
• Wired and wireless networking technologies
• The history and origins of the Internet
• Internet Based Services

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What is Information Technology (IT)?
Information Technology (IT)

Computer Communication
Technology Technology

To collect, store, process, To deliver, disseminate

search, retrieve, and present (distribute), exchange,
electronic information to transmit, and receive
meet the needs of various electronic information in
kinds of users, e.g., computer local, regional or global
hardware & software, PDAs, contexts, e.g., networks, fax
printers, groupware, smart machines, cell phones, email,
cards…. satellites, GPS, Internet,
telephony, …. 3
Networks

• A network is a group of computers that share

information and hardware.
• The computers are connected together using copper
phone wires, fiber optic cables, or radio waves.
• Our computers are on a network here at
school...Look under the table and see the blue wires
that connect your computer to the network.
• The internet is many networks around the world that
are all connected together to make 1 huge network.

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Networked and Distributed Operating
Systems

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Figure 1.6 Client/server networked operating system model.
 What is Data Communication?

Communication of data between sources

Data formats – analog or digital or both
Data travels by a medium
Wires
Space

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Essentials of Data Communication

 Message
 Sender
 Receiver
 Medium
 Understandability
 Error detection
 Security

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 Protocols

 Enables communication – how we communicate (convention

used for establishing transmission rules)
 When
 Where
 How
 What with
 How much

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Protocols

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 Important Dates in the History of
Data Communications (1)
 1837 – Invention of the telegraph
 1876 – Invention of the telephone
 1947 – Invention of the transistor (replaced vacuum tubes)
 1948 – First commercial computer installed, the UNIVAC I
 1958 – First U.S. Communications satellite sent into orbit
 1959 – FCC approves private microwave communications
networks
 1964 – Packet switching network concept proposed by the
Rand Corporation
 1966 – IBM's binary synchronous (BISYNC or BSC)
protocol announced
 1969 – ARPANET, first packet switching network (later to
become the Internet), begins operation 10
 Important Dates in the History of
Data Communications (2)
 1972 – Ethernet local area network specifications formulated
 1972 – IBM's Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol
announced
 1974 – IBM announces its Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
 1975 – Personal computers introduced, the Altaire 8800 replaced
terminals in many cases
 1981 – IBM PC introduced
 1985 – Cellular radio telephones are introduced
 1990 – World Wide Web is introduced
 1993 – Web search engines introduced
 1995 – The Internet grows to over four million host computers
 1999 – The Internet grows to over ten million host computers
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 Data Communication Applications
(1)
Batch - bi-directional transfers of large
amounts of data in concentrated groups
Data Entry - Lengthy inputs with short
responses
Distributed - data and/or processing is
handled by more than one processing unit
Inquiry/Response - Small inputs of data
that may result in large responses

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 Data Communication Applications
(2)
Interactive - Short inputs and outputs.
Real-time response with direct user
interaction
Sensor-Based - Input derived from
sensors instead of human operators
Combined - More than one of the above
applications running at the same time

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 What is a Computer Network?
Two or more computers or communications devices connected
by transmission media and channels and guided by a set of rules
for communication purposes that allow users to communicate
with each other and share applications and data.
Hardware:
 Computer Media:
 Cable
 Network card
 Wire
 Routers
 Microwave …
 Modem …
Components of a Computer Network

Software: Network Design:

 Network OS  Logical layout

 Utilities …  Physical layout …

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Applications of a Computer Network

Mass transit
Interstate highways
24-hour bankers, grocery stores
Cable television
Pagers
Mobile telephones
Most businesses and schools
Retail outlets
…
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 Network Essentials
Models
• Client/Server
Technologies • Peer-to-Peer Types
• Ethernet • Local Area Network
• Token Ring (LAN)
• Transmission Control Network OS • Metropolitan Area
Protocol/Internet Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network
Protocol (TCP/IP) Topologies (WAN)
• Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) • Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology

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 Network Technologies
 Based on bus topology; but can be used in star topology;
 Higher speed: first Fast Ethernet, then Gigabit Ethernet;
Ethernet  Most popular: inexpensive, easy to install and maintain.
 Based on a ring topology; but can use a star topology;
 Token-passing scheme to prevent collision of data;
Token Ring  The second most widely-used protocol after Ethernet.
 Based on client/server model of network computing;
 Uses packet switching technique for data transmission;
TCP/IP  Commonly used for Internet applications.
 Uses client/server model of network computing;
WAP  Allows wireless devices to access the Internet and WWW;
 Meets increasing demands for wireless Internet access.

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 The World of Connectivity
Wired or wireless communications links offer
several options for information and
communications.

Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 18

Inc., 1999
19
 Computer Network Configurations:
LAN to LAN Connections
• Found in businesses and schools that have two or more LANs and a
need for them to intercommunicate.
• The bridge is a typical device used to interconnect LANs.

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Data Communications and Computer Networks
Chapter 1

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 Computer Network Configurations:
LAN to WAN Connections
• One of the best ways to interconnect a user on a workstation to the
Internet (a wide area network).
• A router is the typical device that performs LAN to WAN connections.

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23
 Computer Network Configurations:
Satellite and Microwave
• Many types of applications including long distance telephone,
television, radio, long-haul data transfers, and wireless data services.
• Typically expensive services but many companies offer competitive
services and rates.

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25
 Computer Network Configurations:
Wireless Telephone
• Quickly expanding market across the U.S. and world.
• First generation analog services and second generation PCS services
available in most areas and under many types of plans.
• Third generation services beginning to appear in Europe and Asia.

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27
 Why Are Networks Important?
•Enterprise
•Organization
•Department
•Individual
Users
•LANs
•Mans
•WANs
BUSINESS
Internet Network Applications
ENTERPRISE
•Wired •Functions
•Wireless •Organizational
Processes
Information •Personal
•Traditional Data •Graphics
•Text •Voice
•Images •Video
•Multi-media

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 Networks: Pros and Cons
Pros Cons
Resource sharing Security risks increase with

Printers, CD-ROMs, computers networks
Data and information sharing Complexity is associated with
Communications networks
Reduced Cost Investment is high and return
On-line services on it may not happen
Groupware
 Software that supports group efforts
over a network
Electronic data interchange

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Key Issues of Networks
• Access to the Internet
• Network Access
• Wired access
• Cable modem
• DSL
• Wireless access
• Wireless LAN
• RosettaNet – XML based
• Network security
• Goals and Measures
• Firewalls

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 Why Use a Network?

 Sharing of
 Data, messages, graphics …
 Applications …
 Devices, e.g., hard drives, backups, printers, modems, fax machines …
 Centralized administration
 Installing and upgrading application software
 Communication and collaboration
 Teleconferences, group decision support systems

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 Language of Computer Networks

Important terms and concepts.

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 Components of a Network
 Server
 A computer that provides services to other networked computers
 Client
 A computer in a client/server relationship, e.g., a Web browser
 Hardware/Software
 Network card, router, modem, hub/NT operating systems, utilities …
 Media
 The way to connect computers on a network
 Data
 Files o be shared by network computers
 Resources
 Peripherals, e.g., printers, to be used by network computers

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 Media of Networking
Coax cable
Twisted pair cable
Fiber optic cable
Microwave
Communications satellite
Cellular phones

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 Networking Hardware
• Workstations
• Servers
• Bridges
• Routers
• Hubs and switches
• Nodes

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 Network Models
Client/Server Model
Microcomputer users, or clients,
share services of a centralized
computer called a server.

Peer-to-Peer Model
Computers share equally with
one another without having to
rely on a central server.

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 Client/Server
A distinction exists between computers that make available network
resources (servers) and those computers that use the resources
(clients or workstations).
Pros:
 Very secure
 Centralized servers easy to manage
 Physically centralized
 Secure OS
 Better performance
 Centralized backups
 Reliability
 Simple job to do plus built in redundancy
Cons:
 Require professional administration
 More hardware intensive
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 Peer-to-Peer (p2p)
Computers on the network communicate with each others as equals
and each computer is responsible for making its own resources
available to other computers on the network.
Pros:
 Uses less expensive computer networks
 Easy to administer
 No NOS (network operating system) required
 More built-in redundancy
 Shared resources – some machine will have what you need
Cons:
 Individual user performance easily affected
 Not very secure
 Tragedy of the commons – no guarantee others will administer their
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resources properly (almost guaranteed with over 10 machines)
 Hard to back up.
 Client/Server vs. Peer-to-Peer:
Advantages and Disadvantages
Client/Server Model Peer-to-Peer Model
Advantages: Advantages:
 Very secure OS.  Uses less expensive networks.
 Better performance.  Easy to administer.
 Centralized servers, easy  Contain both network operating
to manage. system and application software.
 Centralized backups.  Ideal for small business and home
 High reliability. users.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
 Individual user performance easily
 Expensive administration.
affected.
 More hardware intensive.
 Not very secure.
 Hard to back up.
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 Networking Essentials
Computer Networks
 A host computer connected with communication circuits and
equipment to terminals
 Two or more computers connected via a communication
medium
 Intranet
 A private version of the Internet
Enterprise Network
 Two or more LANs connected to each other, or one or more
LANs connected to a WAN
File Server
 A computer that contains files shared by PCs on a network

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 Categorization of Networks

By size:
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Networks (LAN)
By capability:
Client/server
Peer-to-peer

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 Three Major Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Serves users within a confined geographical area
(usually within a mile).
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Covers a geographic area the size of a city or suburb.
The purpose of a MAN is often to bypass local
telephone companies when accessing long-distance
service.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Covers a wide geographical area, such as a state or a
country. Examples: Tyment, Telenet, Uninet, and
Accunet.

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Interconnection between LANs and WANs

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 Characteristics Differentiate
One Network from Another
• Topology : The geometric arrangement of devices on
the network. For example, devices can be arranged in
a ring or in a bus or in a star topology.
• Protocols : The rules and encoding specifications for
sending data. The protocols also determine whether
the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server model.
• Media : Devices can be connected by twisted-pair
wire, coaxial cables, or fiber optic cables.
• Wireless networks are connected via radio waves.
• Medium Access Control: Scheme to allow sharing of
the media.
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 Components of a Typical LAN

Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 45

Inc., 1999
 Network Typologies: Star
This arrangement connects all the network’s devices to a central
host computer, through which all communications must pass.

Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999 46

 Network Typologies: Ring
This arrangement connects the network’s devices in a closed loop.

Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999 47

 Network Typologies: Bus
A single channel connects all communications devices.

Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999 48

 Networking and Telecommunications
• Networking - an interconnection of computers and computing
equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large
geographic distances
• Telecommunications - study of telephones and the systems that transmit
telephone signals
• Network management - design, installation, and support of a network
and its hardware and software

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 Network Selection Criteria
Size of the organization
Level of required security
Level of available administrative support
Amount of network traffic
Needs of the network users
Budget for building the network

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 Requirements of a Network System (1)
 Ideal system
• Does what we want instantly when we want it with no errors or problems and
only we know about it.
• Performance
• Consistency
• Flexibility
• Availability
• Reliability
• Recovery
• Security

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Requirements of a Network System (2)
 Performance
• Response time
• Time for transmission
• Time for data processing
• Transaction Rate (throughput)
• The amount of work performed by a system per unit of time

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 Requirements of a Network System (3)

• Consistency
• Same thing all the time
• Response time

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 Requirements of a Network System (4)

Flexibility
• Growth and change available with
minimum impact on users
• Legacy systems
• Standards help

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 Requirements of a Network System (5)

Availability
• When needed
• Where available
• How available

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 Requirements of a Network System (6)

Reliability
• Measure of system failure
• MTBF – mean time between failure
• Fault-tolerance solution
• Design
• Duplication

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 Requirements of a Network System (7)

• Recovery
• All systems fail
• How long before startup?
• What do we get when the system starts up again
• Saved information

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 Requirements of a Network System (8)

Security
 Who has access?
 How good is the protection?

Privacy

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 Network Architecture Models

• A reference model that describes the layers of hardware and software

necessary to transmit data between two points.
• Reference models are necessary to increase the likelihood that different
components from different manufacturers will converse.
• There are two standard models that are important: The OSI Model, and
the Internet Model.

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Standards

• Standards are rules of operation that are followed by most or all

vendors
• Standards allow hardware and software from different vendors to
work together
• Competition among vendors brings lower prices and feature-rich
products

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 Standards

• ISO - International Standards Organization: An organization that sets

communication standards, also IEEE
• OSI - Open Systems Interconnection: A seven layer reference model
for developing data communication systems
• Open Architecture - in which the network specifications are
available to any company

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OSI Layers of Communication

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 Application Layer

Where the application using the

network resides. Common network
applications include remote login, file
transfer, e-mail, and web page
browsing.
Functionality defined by user
Application dependent

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 Presentation Layer

Performs a series of miscellaneous

functions necessary for presenting the
data package properly to the sender or
receiver
Format of the data
Encryption
Compression
Screen formatting
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 Session Layer

Establishes connection between

applications
Enforces rules
Order
Pacing
Reestablish connection

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 Transport Layer

Provides an end-to-end, error-free

network connection.
Makes sure the data arrives at the
destination exactly as it left the source.
Makes sure all information is accounted
for:
• Missing information
• Duplicated information

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 Network Layer

Responsible for creating maintaining

and ending network connections.
Transfers a data packet from node to
node within the network.
Message routing
Billing
Accounting

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 Data Link Layer

Responsible for taking the data and

transforming it into a frame with header,
control and address information.
Physical path communication
Error detection
Error correction
Resolve competing requests

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 Physical Layer

Handles the transmission of bits over a

communications channel.
Includes:
Voltage levels
Electrical connections
Media choices
Adapters
Connectors
Modulation techniques
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70
Layers in Internet Model vs. OSI Model
Interface layer - equivalent to the OSI’s
physical and data link layers.
Network layer - roughly equivalent to the
OSI’s network layer.
Transport layer - performs same function as
OSI transport layer.
Application layer - equivalent to the OSI’s
presentation and application layers.

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The Internet Model vs. the OSI Model

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 Internet Model in Action
Note the flow of data from user to web
browser and back.
At each layer, information is either added or
removed, depending on whether the data is
leaving or arriving at a workstation.
The adding of information over pre-existing
information is termed encapsulation.

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The Internet Model in Action

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Logical and Physical Connections
A logical connection is one that exists
only in the software
A physical connection is one that exists in
the hardware.
In a network architecture model, only the
lowest layer contains a physical
connection, while all higher layers
contain logical connections.

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OSI Layers of Communication

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 Software Environment
 Application Programs
 Word, Excel, Access, Lotus 123, etc.
 Operating System
 Manages the resources of the computer. (E.G. Windows 98/NT, Linux)
 Data Communication
 Responsible for handling communication with remote devices
 Transaction Control Process
 Receives input and routes it to the proper application processes
 Database Management System
 Interface between the application programs and the data they need to use .
 Transaction Processing
 Responding to requests for processing activities. The requests are usually
user initiated but may be made by other systems

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IT Infrastructure

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 Joining Professional Associations

Benefits can include:

• Connecting with people who have similar interests
• Providing new opportunities for learning
• Allowing access to specialized information
• Giving tangible assets such as free goods

79
 Professional Association Sites

TABLE 1-2
Web sites of
networking
organizations
Circa 2000.
Some do not
exist today!

80
References
• Lee Giles, Networking and Telecommunications, Chapter 1: Introduction
to Computer Networks & Data Communication
• http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~rxb/Teaching/HCI%20II/intro.html
• http://www.baddesigns.com/examples.html
• http://www.goodexperience.com/tib/archives/webtech/
• http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~saul/hci_topics/topics/psych.html
• http://homepage.mac.com/bradster/iarchitect/
• www.useit.com

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List of required textbooks and additional resources

Required Textbook:
• Brown G., Sargent B., and Watson D. Cambridge IGCSE ICT. - London:
Hodder Education Group, 2015. -439 p. [BW]
• Williams, B. K. and Sawyer, S. Using information technology: A practical
introduction to computers & communications.- New York: McGraw-Hil.,
- 8th ed. 2010. -563 p. [WS]

Alternative Textbook:
• Watson, D. and Williams, H. – Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science:
Hodder Edu.; 3 ed. 2015.-278 p. [W]

Additional resources:
• Evans, V. Information technology. Books 1-3: English for specific
purposes .- 5th impr.- Newbury: Express Publishing, 2014.- 40 p. [E]

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