Networking

Concepts: An
Overview
Networking is the foundation of modern communication
and information sharing. It connects devices, people, and
systems across vast distances, enabling seamless
interaction and information exchange. This
interconnectedness revolutionizes how we work, learn,
and interact with the world around us. From the internet
to local networks, networking technologies underpin the
digital age, driving innovation and progress.
Networking Goals and Needs
The primary goal of networking is to facilitate communication and information sharing
between devices and individuals. This includes:

1 Data Transfer
Efficiently transmitting data between devices, whether it's sending emails,
browsing the web, or sharing files.

2 Resource Sharing
Making resources like printers, scanners, and storage devices accessible to
multiple users on a network.

3 Collaboration
Enabling real-time collaboration on projects, documents, and presentations,
fostering teamwork and productivity.

4 Connectivity
Connecting devices and users, regardless of location, providing access to a vast
range of information and services.
ARPANET: The Origins of the Internet
ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet, emerged in the 1960s as a project
funded by the US Department of Defense. Its purpose was to create a decentralized
network that could withstand attacks and disruptions, enabling communication even
during emergencies. ARPANET used packet switching, a revolutionary concept that broke
data into small packets and sent them independently across the network, making it more
efficient and robust. This innovation laid the groundwork for the internet as we know it
today.

1 1960s
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) is initiated by
the US Department of Defense.

2 1970s
Packet switching is introduced, revolutionizing network communication.

3 1980s
The internet begins to take shape as more networks connect and protocols are standardized.
OSI Reference Model: Layers and Protoc
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model provides a framework for
understanding how networks function. It divides networking into seven layers, each
responsible for a specific aspect of communication. This layered approach makes it
easier to design, develop, and troubleshoot network systems. Each layer uses protocols,
sets of rules that govern data exchange, to ensure seamless communication between
different network devices and systems.
Layer Description

Physical Layer Transmits raw data over the physical medium.

Data Link Layer Manages data flow between devices on

the same network.

Network Layer Handles routing and addressing of data packets.

Transport Layer Ensures reliable data delivery and

manages end-to-end communication.

Session Layer Manages communication sessions and

establishes connections between
applications.
Presentation Layer Formats and encrypts data for transmission.

Application Layer Provides user interface and access to

network services.
TCP/IP: The Foundation of the Internet
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of protocols that forms the
foundation of the internet. It defines how data is packaged, addressed, and transmitted across
the network. TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of data, while IP handles addressing and
routing. This protocol suite is responsible for connecting computers worldwide and enabling the
vast amount of data transfer that occurs daily on the internet.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol)

Provides reliable, ordered delivery of data, Handles addressing and routing of data
managing connections and ensuring data packets across the network, enabling devices
integrity. to communicate with each other.
HTTP and FTP: Web and File
Transfer Protocols
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for communication on
the World Wide Web. It enables web browsers to request and receive web
pages, images, videos, and other web content. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is
used for transferring files between computers. It allows users to upload and
download files to and from servers, making it essential for sharing large files
and managing website content.

HTTP
Enables communication on the World Wide Web.

FTP
Used for transferring files between computers.
SLIP and Internet: Connecting to
the Network
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) is a protocol used to connect to the internet through
dial-up connections. It enables data transmission over standard telephone lines, making
internet access accessible even without broadband connections. SLIP encapsulates data
packets and transmits them over the phone line, allowing computers to communicate
with the internet. This technology played a crucial role in the early days of internet
access, paving the way for widespread adoption.

Modem
Modulates and demodulates data signals for transmission over phone lines.

SLIP
Encapsulates data packets for transmission over the phone line.

Internet
Connects devices and users worldwide, providing access to a vast range of
information and services.
Networking Terminologies and Services
Understanding networking requires familiarity with specific terminologies and services. Some key terms include:

Network Interface Card (NIC) IP Address

A hardware component that connects a A unique numerical address that identifies
device to a network. a device on a network.

Domain Name System (DNS) Packet

A hierarchical system that translates A unit of data transmitted over a network.
domain names into IP addresses.
Networking Topologies and
Transmission Media
Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices on a network. Different
topologies have advantages and disadvantages depending on the size and requirements of the
network. Transmission media refers to the physical pathways that data travels over, including:

Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology

All devices share a single All devices connect to a Devices are connected in a
cable. It is simple to central hub. It is easy to closed loop. It is robust to
implement but vulnerable manage but a failure at the failures but difficult to
to failures. hub disrupts the entire troubleshoot.
network.
Networking Devices, Security, and
Applications
Networking devices play crucial roles in managing and controlling data flow within a
network. Key devices include routers, switches, and firewalls. Network security is
paramount, protecting against unauthorized access, data breaches, and malware.
Common security measures include firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection
systems. Networking has revolutionized various fields, enabling applications such as e-
commerce, social media, online gaming, and remote collaboration.

1 Routers
Forward data packets between networks.

2 Switches
Forward data packets within a network segment.

3 Firewalls
Protect a network from unauthorized access.

4 Encryption
Transforms data into an unreadable format to protect its confidentiality.