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Lecture 43

Calculus Presentation 43

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26 views28 pages

Lecture 43

Calculus Presentation 43

Uploaded by

thedarkobliteration
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An inner product on a vector

space V is a function that, to


each pair of vectors u and v in
V, associates a real number
u, v and satisfies the
following axioms, for all u, v,
w in V and all scalars c: …
1. u, v  v , u
2. u  v , w  u, w  v , w
3. cu, v c u, v
4. u, u 0 and
u, u 0 iff u = 0. …
A vector space with an
inner product is called
an inner product space.
Fix any two positive numbers-
say, 4 and 5-and for vectors
u= (u1, u2) and v = (v1, v2) in R ,
2

set
u, v 4u1v1  5u2 v2
Show that it defines an inner
product.
Let V be P2, with the inner
product from Ex 2
where t0 = 0, t1 = 1/2, and t2 = 1.
Let p(t) = 12t2 and q(t) = 2t – 1.
Compute p, q and q, q
…
p, q  p(0)q (0)  p( )q( )  p(1)q(1)
1
2
1
2

(0)( 1)  (3)(0)  (12)(1) 12


2 2 2
q, q [q (0)]  [q( )]  [q(1)]
1
2
2 2 2
( 1)  (0)  (1) 2
…
Let V be an inner product
space, with the inner product
denoted by u, v . Just as in Rn,
we define the length or norm
of a vector v to be the scalar
2
v  v , v or v  v , v
…
A unit vector is one whose
length is 1.
The distance between u and v
is u  v .
Vectors u and v are orthogonal
if u, v 0 .
Compute the
lengths of the
vectors in Ex 3
2 2 2 2
p  p, p [ p(0)]  [ p( )]  [ p(1)]
1
2
2 2
0  [3]  [12] 153
p  153

In Example 3, we found that q, q 2.


Hence q  2 .
Let V be P4 with the inner
product in Ex 2 involving
evaluation of polynomials at
–2, –1, 0, 1, and 2, and view
P2 as a subspace of V.
…
Produce an orthogonal basis
for P2 by applying the Gram-
Schmidt process to the
polynomials 1, t, and t2.
Let V be P4 with the inner
product in Ex 5 and let p0, p1,
and p2 be the orthogonal basis
for the subspace P2. Find the
best approximation to p(t)=5-
(1/2)t4 by polynomials in P2.
For all u, v in V ,
u, v  u v
For all u, v in V ,
uv  u  v
…
2
u  v  u  v , u  v  u, u  2 u, v  v , v

2 2
 u  2 u, v  v
2 2
 u 2 u v  v

 u  v 
2
For f, g in C[a, b], set
b
f , g  f (t ) g (t )dt
a

Show that it defines an inner


product on C[a, b].
Let V be the space C[0, 1]
with the inner product
b
f , g  f (t ) g (t )dt
a

…
Let W be the subspace
spanned by the polynomials
p1(t) = 1, p2(t) = 2t –1, and p3(t) =
12t2. Use the Gram-Schmidt
process to find an orthogonal
basis for W.

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