Lecture 5

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2

Vectors in R
Example
 3  2  w1 
u   , v   , w  

 1 3
  w
 2
Algebra of
Vectors
•Equality
•Addition
•Subtraction
•Multiple
Example
 1  2
u   and v   ,
  2   5
 4    6   2
4u  ( 3)v       
  8  15   7 
 u1 

u  u 2 
Vectors in R
3
 u3 

 u1 
u 
Vectors in R n u  2

 
 
 u3 
Algebraic Properties
For all u, v, w in R and
n

all scalars c and d:


•u + v = v + u
•(u + v) + w = u + (v +
w)
Algebraic Properties
•u + 0 = 0 + u = u
• u + (–u) =( –u) + u = 0
where –u denotes (–1)u
Algebraic Properties
• c(u + v) = cu + cv
• (c + d)u = cu + du
• c(du) = (cd)(u)
• 1u = u
Linear Combination
n
Given v1 , v2 , , v p in R
and scalars c1 , c2 , , c p
y c1v1  c2v2   c pv p
Example
.   1  2
v1   , and v2   .
1  1
5 1
w  v1  v2
2 2
Example
.  1  2 7
   
a1   2  , a2  5  , and 
b  4  .
  5  6    3

x1a1  x2 a2 b ?
Definition
 If v1, . . . , vp are in Rn, then the
set of all linear combinations
of v1, . . . , vp is denoted by
Span {v1, . . . , vp } and is called
the subset of Rn spanned (or
generated) by v1, . . . , vp .
Definition
 That is, Span {v1, . . . , vp }
is the collection of all
vectors that can be written
in the form c1v1 + c2v2 + …. +
cpvp, with c1, . . . , cp scalars.
Question?
 Whether a vector b is in Span
{v1, . . . , vp } ?

 amounts to asking whether


the vector equation x1v1+x2v2+
…+xpvp=b has a solution
Example 6
.
 1  5    3
     
a1   2  , a2   13 , and b  8  .
 3    3   1 
Example 7
.
Vector and Parametric
Equations of a Line
x  x0 tv (   t  )
( x, y ) ( x0 , y0 )  t (a, b) (    t  )

( x, y, z ) ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  t (a, b, c)
(   t  )
Vector and Parametric
Equations of a Plane

x  x0 t1v1  t2 v2
(   t1 , t2  )
Vector and Parametric
Equations of a Plane

( x, y, z ) ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
t1 (a1 , b1 , c1 )  t2 (a2 , b2 , c2 )
(   t1 , t2  )

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