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    Lecture 4

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    thedarkobliteration
    Calculus Presentation 4

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    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    thedarkobliteration
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    Calculus Presentation 4

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    Calculus Presentation 4

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8 views25 pages

    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    thedarkobliteration
    Calculus Presentation 4

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Echelon Form

    All nonzero rows are above any


    rows of all zeros.
    Each leading entry of a row is
    in a column to the right of the
    leading entry of the row above
    it.
    All entries in a column below a
    leading entry are zero.
    Examples
    2  3 2 1   * * *
    0 1  4 8  0 
     * *
      
     0 0 0 5/ 2 0 0 0 0
     
    0 0 0 0
    Reduced Echelon Form

    The leading entry in each


    nonzero row is 1.

    Each leading 1 is the only


    non-zero entry in its
    column.
    Examples
     1 0 0 29  1 0 * *
     0 1 0 16  , 0 
    1 * *
      
     0 0 1 1  0 0 0 0
     
    0 0 0 0
    Theorem
    Each matrix is row equivalent
    to one and only one reduced
    echelon matrix
    Definitions
    A pivot position in a matrix A is
    a location in A that corresponds
    to a leading entry in an echelon
    form of A.

    A pivot column is a column of A


    that contains a pivot position.
    Example
    Reduce the matrix A below to echelon
    form, and locate the pivot columns

     0 3 6 4 9 
    1 2 1 3 1 
    A  
     2  3 0 3  1
     
     1 4 5  9  7
    Solution
     1 4 5 9 7 
     0 2 4 6 6  

     0 5 10  15  15
     
     0 3 6 4 9 
    Solution
     1 4 5  9  7
     0 2 4 
     6  6

     0 0 0 5 0 
     
     0 0 0 0 0
    Echelon Form
    Row Reduction Algorithm

    Row Reduction Algorithm consists of


    four steps, and it produces a matrix
    in echelon form.

    A fifth step produces a matrix in


    reduced echelon form.
    Row Reduction Algorithm
    STEP 1
    Begin with the leftmost
    nonzero column. This is a
    pivot column. The pivot
    position is at the top.
    Row Reduction Algorithm
    STEP 2
    Select a nonzero entry in the
    pivot column as a pivot. If
    necessary, interchange rows
    to move this entry into the
    pivot position
    Row Reduction Algorithm

    STEP 3
    Use row operations to
    create zeros in all
    positions below the pivot
    Row Reduction Algorithm
    STEP 4
    Cover (ignore) the row containing
    the pivot position and cover all
    rows, if any, above it
    Apply steps 1 –3 to the sub-matrix,
    which remains.

    Repeat the process until there are


    no more nonzero rows to modify
    Example
     0 3 6 6 4  5
     3 7 8 5 8 9 

     3  9 12  9 6 15 
    Answer
    x1 1  5 x3
    x2 4  x3
    x3 is free
    Example
     1 6 2  5  2  4
     0 0 2 8 1 3  

     0 0 0 0 1 7 
    Reduced Echelon Form

     1 6 0 3 0 0
     0 0 1 4 0 5 

     0 0 0 0 1 7 
    Associated System

    x1  6 x2  3 x4 0
    x3  4 x4 5
    x5 7
    Using Row Reduction to Solve
    a Linear System
     Write the augmented matrix of the
    system
     Use the row reduction algorithm to
    obtain an equivalent augmented
    matrix in echelon form.
     Decide whether the system is
    consistent. If there is no solution,
    stop; otherwise go to next step.
     Continue row reduction to obtain
    the reduced echelon form.
    Using Row Reduction to Solve
    a Linear System
     Continue row reduction to obtain the
    reduced echelon form.
     Write the system of equations
    corresponding to matrix obtained in
    step 3.
     Rewrite each non zero equation from
    step 4 so that its one basic variable is
    expressed in terms of any free
    variables appearing in equation

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