Quantitativ

e Research
Objectives:

1. Define quantitative research.

2. Describe kinds of quantitative
research.
 What do you think
is represented by
the picture?
Directions: Write true if the statement is correct and false if the
statement is wrong. Write your answers in your research notebook.

1. Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age,

gender, educational status, among others, that call for measurable
characteristics of the population.

2. Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the

accuracy, reliability and validity of data.

3. Quantitative methods cannot be repeated to verify findings in another

setting, thus, reinforcing validity of findings.

4. A large population yields unreliable data, but principles of random

sampling must be strictly followed to prevent researcher’s bias.

5. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.

experience or
observation by the
researcher.

2. LOGICAL- Is based on valid procedure

and
principles.

3. CYCLICAL- It starts with a problem and

ends
with a problem.
General Characteristics:
4. ANALYTICAL – research utilized proven
analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental or case study.

5. REPLICABILITY – design and procedures are

replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at
valid and conclusive results.

6. CRITICAL – research exhibits careful and

precise judgement.
Strengths:
1. It is objective. Since it provides
numerical data, it can’t be easily
misinterpreted.

2. The Use of Statistical techniques

facilitates sophisticated analyses and
allows you to comprehend a huge
amount of vital characteristics of data.
 in a quick and easy way. By
employing statistically valid random
models, findings can be generalized to
the population about which
information is necessary.

4. Quantitative studies are replicable.

Standardized approaches allow the
study to be replicated in different
areas or over time with the
formulation of comparable findings.
Weaknesses:
1. Quantitative research requires a
large number of respondents. It
assumed that the larger the sample is,
the more statistically accurate the
findings are.

2. It is costly. Since there are more

respondents, the expenses will be
greater in reaching out these people
and in reproducing questionnaires.
Weaknesses:
3. The information to help interpret
the results are usually ignored. It does
not consider the capacity of the
respondents to share and elaborate
further information.

4. Many information are difficult to

gather using structured research
instruments, specifically on sensitive
issues.
Weaknesses:
5. If not done seriously and correctly,
data from questionnaires may be
incomplete and inaccurate.
Researchers must be on look-out on
respondents who are just guessing in
answering the instrument.
Kinds of Quantitative
Research:
1. Descriptive Research
This design is concerned with
describing the nature, characteristics
and components of the population or a
phenomenon.
There is no manipulation of
variables or search for cause and
effect related to the phenomenon.
 This attempts to find the general
attributes of the presently existing
situation and determine the frequency
with which it occurs.
Examples:
-How many hours SHS spend in social media.
-The number of malnourished students who
failed in the achievement test
-How healthy is the food served during recess in
the public schools.
2. Correlational Research
It is the systematic investigation of
the nature of relationships, or
associations between and among
variables without necessarily
investigating into causal reasons
underlying them.
It is also concerned with the extent
of relationships that exists between or
among the variables.
Example:
-If pre-board examination results can be
used to predict performance in the LET
then the higher the pre-board grade,
the higher most likely be the score in
LET.
 This research is employed if you like
to know, for example if the following
factors are related to each other:
-gender and mathematical ability
-marriage and cancer recovery
-occupation and life span
3. Evaluation Research
This kind of research aims to assess
the effects, impacts and outcomes of
practices, policies or programs.
Example:
Assessing the implementation of
nursing care in a hospital and
determining the impact of a new
treatment procedure for patients.
4. Survey Research
It is used to gather information from
groups of people by selecting and
studying samples chosen from a
population. It may be done in various
ways like face to face, phone, mail and
online.
Cross-sectional- if the information is
collected from a sample in
just a single point in time.
Examples:
-Child-rearing practices of single
parents.
-Population control practices of
unmarried couples.
Longitudinal- if the researcher collects
information on the same subjects over a
long period of time.
Examples:
-determining the growth of rice yield
in the country.
-rate of promotion of doctorate
degree holders five years after
earning a degree.
5. Causal-Comparative Research
This kind of research derives
conclusion from observations and
manifestations that already occurred in
the past and now compared to some
dependent variables.

Example:
Traditional classroom learning and online
learning
The effect of early childhood nutrition on
adult academic achievement
6. Experimental Research
This research utilizes scientific
method to test cause-and-effect
relationships under conditions
controlled by the researchers.

Example:
The Effect of a New Teaching Method on
Elementary Students’ Math Scores
Directions: On the spaces provided, write survey or
experiment indicating the kind of quantitative research you
will use, given the following problem inquiries, you as
researcher, intend to investigate:
________1. how many students used the school library
between 7AM to 8AM.
________2. how many hours adolescent do Facebook a day.
________3. the most frequently used student service in your
school
________4. The impact of blended learning on students
enrolled in English 1.
________5. The number of students read the broadsheets
(newspaper) daily
Directions: On the spaces provided, write survey or experiment indicating the
kind of quantitative research you will use, given the following problem inquiries,
you as researcher, intend to investigate:

____________6.
The number of times the students go to
the guidance counselor for help every month
________7. The food preference of basketball players
of your institution.
________8. The kind of shampoo women prefer
________9. The kind of shampoo men prefer
________10. The most consumed items in three food chains
________11. The effects of coaching on the academic performance of
Grade 12 students in the subject Research.
________12. The results of a prescribe daily diet on the sugar count of
diabetic patient.
________13. The popularity of top two dishwashing liquid brands
among housewives
________14. The impact of cooperative stores on a selected barangay
________15. The correlation of admission test results of high school
graduates under the ALS (Alternative Learning System) and those
under the regular Dep-Ed system schooling.
 Variables
A variable is a central concept in
research. It is a measurable
characteristic that changes in value.
It may vary from one group to
another group, one person to another or
even with the same person over time.
 A variable is anything that may
assume varied numerical or categorical
values.
Examples:
-sex (male,female)
-socio-economic status
- educational attainment
 Types of Variables
1. Continuous Variables
A variable that can take infinite
number on the value that can occur in
the population. Its values can be divided
into fractions.
examples: age, height, temperature
Continuous Variables can be further
categorized as either interval or ratio
variables:

Interval Variables – is a measurement where

the difference between two values
does have meaning.

-The interval between values makes

sense and can be interpreted.
Ratio Variables – possesses the
properties of interval variable
and has a clear definition of
zero, indication that there is
none of that variable.

Examples: height, weight, distance

Discrete Variables
Also known as categorical or classificatory
variable, on the other hand, is any variable
that has limited number of distinct values and
which cannot be divided into fractions.
examples: sex, blood group, number of
children in the family
Discrete Variables can be further
categorized as nominal and ordinal.

Nominal variable- is a variable with no

quantitative value.
It has two or more
categories but does not
imply ordering of cases.
Examples:
eye color, business type, religion

A sub-type of nominal scale with only 2

categories just like sex (male,female) is
known as dichotomous.
Ordinal variable- is a variable that has two
or more categories which can be ranked.
Examples: Educational Attainment
 elementary graduate-1
 high school graduate-2
 undergraduate-3
 college graduate-4
we can rank them from highest to lowest
On the space before the number, Write I if
the variable is interval, N if Nominal, R if
ratio and O if ordinal.
___1. Military Rank
___2. Temperature in degree Celsius
___3. Birthplace
___4. Year Level
___5. Favorite type of music
___6. Clothing such as hat, shirt, shoes
___7. A score in 5-item quiz in Research
___8. Feeling for today
___9. Means of transportation to school
___10. How internet is used at home
 Dependent and Independent
Variable (IV, DV)

Independent Variable (IV)

It is the cause variable or the one
responsible for the conditions that act on
something to bring about changes.
Dependent Variable (DV)
are called outcome variable is the
result or effect of the changes brought
about by another variable (usually IV).
Directions: Identify the Dependent and
Independent Variables

1.Organizational Commitment and

Teaching Performance of Senior High
School Teachers in San Agustin
National High School.
2. Conceptual, Interpersonal and
Technical Skills of TVL Students: Their
Relationship to Operational Efficiency

3. Increasing Scientific Achievement

Through Contextualized and Localized
Materials.
4. Impact of Blended Learning on Student
Achievement in Practical Research II.

5. Effectiveness of Exposing Students in

Classical Music on Reading Comprehension
6. Teaching Strategies, Attitude and
Proficiency in Physics of Selected Grade 8
Students.
7. Interest and Readiness for College of
General Academic SHS Students in SANHS.
8. Innovative Teaching Methods and
Students’ Learning in Social Science:
A Basis for Developing ICT Workshop
Sources of Research Topics or Problem
1. Prevailing theories or philosophy
2. Observations, intuitions or a combination of both
3. Different subjects taken and from them identify
a problem that interests a student-researcher
most.
4. Field of interest or specialization or event from
related fields.
5. Existing problems in the
classroom/school/campus which one may want
to solve are good sources of research problems.
6. Existing needs of the community or society.
7. Repetition or extension of investigations already
conducted or may be an offshoot of studies
underway.
8. Related studies and literature.